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Trigonometry Class 10 Formulas List for NCERT Maths Students

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : July 21, 2023

Below are the provided trigonometry class 10 formulas. Trigonometry involves studying the relationships between angles, lengths, and heights of triangles. It encompasses ratios, functions, identities, and formulas used to solve problems, particularly concerning right-angled triangles.

$Trigonometry class 10 formulas$

The applications of trigonometry extend to various fields such as engineering, astronomy, physics, and architectural design. This chapter holds significant importance as it covers various topics, including Linear Algebra, Calculus, and Statistics.

In CBSE Class 10, students are introduced to trigonometry, a completely new and challenging chapter. It requires learning and mastering various formulas to apply them effectively. Below, you can find the tabulated Trigonometry Class 10 formulas.

Trigonometry class 10 formulas

Here are all the essential formulas introduced to Class 10 students. You can refer to these formulas at any time to learn and solve trigonometry-related problems effectively.

The trigonometric formulas for ratios predominantly rely on the three sides of a right-angled triangle, namely the adjacent side or base, perpendicular, and hypotenuse (as shown in the figure above). By applying the Pythagoras theorem to the given right-angled triangle, we get:

(Perpendicular)² + (Base)² = (Hypotenuse)²

⇒ (P)² + (B)² = (H)²

Now, let’s explore the formulas based on trigonometric ratios (sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent).

Learn Trigonometry class 10 formulas

SN.	Variable	Defination
1.	Sin A	Perpendicular/Hypotenuse
2.	Cos A	Base/Hypotenuse
3.	Tan A	Perpendicular/Base
4.	Cot A	Base/Perpendicular
5.	Cosec A	Hypotenuse/Perpendicular
6.	Sec A	Hypotenuse/Base

Relation between different trigonometric Function

SN.	Function	Realtion
1.	tan A	sin A/cos A
2.	Cos A	cos A/sin A
3.	Cosec A	1/sin A
4.	Sec A	1/cos A

Trigonometric Sign Functions

sin (-θ) = − sin θ
cos (−θ) = cos θ
tan (−θ) = − tan θ
cosec (−θ) = − cosec θ
sec (−θ) = sec θ
cot (−θ) = − cot θ

Trigonometric Identities

sin²A + cos²A = 1
tan²A + 1 = sec²A
cot²A + 1 = cosec²A

Periodic Identities

sin(2nπ + θ ) = sin θ
cos(2nπ + θ ) = cos θ
tan(2nπ + θ ) = tan θ
cot(2nπ + θ ) = cot θ
sec(2nπ + θ ) = sec θ
cosec(2nπ + θ ) = cosec θ

Complementary Ratios

1. Quadrant I

sin(π/2 − θ) = cos θ
cos(π/2 − θ) = sin θ
tan(π/2 − θ) = cot θ
cot(π/2 − θ) = tan θ
sec(π/2 − θ) = cosec θ
cosec(π/2 − θ) = sec θ

2. Quadrant II

sin(π − θ) = sin θ
cos(π − θ) = -cos θ
tan(π − θ) = -tan θ
cot(π − θ) = – cot θ
sec(π − θ) = -sec θ
cosec(π − θ) = cosec θ

3. Quadrant III

sin(π + θ) = – sin θ
cos(π + θ) = – cos θ
tan(π + θ) = tan θ
cot(π + θ) = cot θ
sec(π + θ) = -sec θ
cosec(π + θ) = -cosec θ

4. Quadrant IV

sin(2π − θ) = – sin θ
cos(2π − θ) = cos θ
tan(2π − θ) = – tan θ
cot(2π − θ) = – cot θ
sec(2π − θ) = sec θ
cosec(2π − θ) = -cosec θ

5. Sum and Difference of Two Angles

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin (A − B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan(A + B) = [(tan A + tan B)/(1 – tan A tan B)]
tan(A – B) = [(tan A – tan B)/(1 + tan A tan B)]

6. Double Angle Formulas

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = [2 tan A /(1 + tan²A)]
cos 2A = cos²A – sin²A = 1 – 2 sin²A = 2 cos²A – 1 = [(1 – tan²A)/(1 + tan²A)]
tan 2A = (2 tan A)/(1 – tan²A)

7. Triple Angle Formulas

sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin³A
cos 3A = 4 cos³A – 3 cos A
tan 3A = [3 tan A – tan³A]/[1 − 3 tan²A]

What are Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse trigonometric functions are mathematical functions that “undo” the effect of the regular trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent). They are also known as “arc” functions or “antitrigonometric” functions. The inverse trigonometric functions allow us to find the angles associated with specific trigonometric ratios.

The inverse trigonometric functions are denoted by “arc” or “a” followed by the trigonometric function’s abbreviation. For example:

Inverse Sine (arcsin or asin): The inverse of the sine function. It gives us the angle whose sine is a given value. Domain: [-1, 1] Range: [-π/2, π/2]
Inverse Cosine (arccos or acos): The inverse of the cosine function. It gives us the angle whose cosine is a given value. Domain: [-1, 1] Range: [0, π]
Inverse Tangent (arctan or atan): The inverse of the tangent function. It gives us the angle whose tangent is a given value. Domain: (-∞, ∞) Range: (-π/2, π/2)
Inverse Cosecant (arccsc or acsc): The inverse of the cosecant function. It gives us the angle whose cosecant is a given value. Domain: (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) Range: [-π/2, 0) ∪ (0, π/2]
Inverse Secant (arcsec or asec): The inverse of the secant function. It gives us the angle whose secant is a given value. Domain: (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) Range: [0, π/2) ∪ (π/2, π]
Inverse Cotangent (arccot or acot): The inverse of the cotangent function. It gives us the angle whose cotangent is a given value. Domain: (-∞, ∞) Range: (0, π)

The inverse trigonometric functions are used to find angles in trigonometric equations and solve various real-world problems involving angles and trigonometric ratios. They are essential tools in calculus, engineering, physics, and other fields where trigonometry is applied.

Tips to Memorize Trigonometry Class 10 Formulas

Understand the Concepts: Before memorizing, make sure you understand the basic concepts and principles behind each formula. This will make it easier to remember and apply them.
Create Acronyms or Mnemonics: Associate each formula with a short acronym or mnemonic that represents the formula’s variables or terms. This can help you recall the formula quickly during exams.
Practice Regularly: Practice solving trigonometry problems using the formulas frequently. Repetition will reinforce your memory.
Use Flashcards: Write the formulas on flashcards and review them regularly. This technique enhances memory retention.
Break Down Formulas: Break complex formulas into smaller parts and focus on memorizing each part separately. Then, combine the parts to remember the entire formula.
Relate Formulas to Real-Life Applications: Connect the trigonometry formulas to real-life scenarios or applications. It will make them more relatable and easier to remember.
Visualize: Create visual aids like diagrams or charts to represent the formulas. Visual cues can enhance memory.
Teach Someone Else: Explaining the formulas to someone else helps reinforce your understanding and memorization.
Use Online Resources: There are many online platforms and mobile apps that offer interactive quizzes and games to help memorize formulas effectively.
Stay Consistent: Dedicate regular study time to review and practice the formulas. Consistency is key to long-term retention.

Remember, practice and understanding are crucial for memorizing trigonometry formulas effectively. With consistent effort, you’ll master these formulas in no time!

Applications of Trigonometry Class 10 Formulas

Trigonometry formulas from Class 10 have various practical applications in everyday life as well as in various fields of science, engineering, and technology. Some of the key applications include:

Architecture and Construction: Trigonometry is used in architectural designs, surveying, and construction to calculate angles, distances, and heights of buildings and structures.
Engineering: Engineers use trigonometry to design and analyze various mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering projects, such as bridges, roads, and buildings.
Astronomy and Navigation: Trigonometry is crucial in astronomy to calculate the positions of celestial objects and navigate using tools like compasses and GPS.
Geography and Cartography: Trigonometry is used in mapmaking, cartography, and land surveying to measure distances and map features accurately.
Computer Graphics and Animation: In computer graphics and animation, trigonometry is essential for calculating angles and positioning objects in 2D and 3D space.
Physics: Trigonometry is used extensively in physics to analyze forces, motion, and wave phenomena.
Music and Sound Engineering: Trigonometry plays a role in analyzing sound waves and designing musical instruments.
Optics: Trigonometry is used in optics to calculate angles of incidence and refraction in lenses and mirrors.
Medicine: Medical imaging techniques like X-rays and CT scans use trigonometry to reconstruct images of the internal body.
Mechanical Engineering: Trigonometry is used to analyze mechanical systems, such as gears, pulleys, and levers.

These are just a few examples of how trigonometry formulas are applied in various fields. Trigonometry is a fundamental branch of mathematics with wide-ranging applications, making it essential knowledge for students in Class 10 and beyond.

Q 1. How to solve trigonometry?

Ans: To solve trigonometry problems, follow these steps:

Understand the problem and identify the given information and what needs to be found.
Label the triangle and use standard labels like “opposite,” “adjacent,” and “hypotenuse” for right-angled triangles.
Choose the appropriate trigonometric ratio (sin, cos, tan) based on what needs to be found.
Apply the trigonometric ratio by substituting known values and setting up the equation.
Use the Pythagoras theorem for right-angled triangles if necessary (a² + b² = c²).
Check your calculator mode (degrees or radians) before using trigonometric functions.
Use inverse trigonometric functions (sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹, tan⁻¹) to find angle measures.
Check for extraneous solutions that may not fit the problem’s requirements.
Practice regularly and review trigonometric identities for more complex problem-solving.
Seek help from teachers or online resources if needed. Practice is crucial in mastering trigonometry.

Q 2. How can I learn trigonometry fast?

Ans: To learn trigonometry fast, master basic geometry concepts, understand trigonometric ratios, and memorize key formulas. Regularly practice solving diverse problems, use flashcards, and visualize concepts with diagrams. Watch video tutorials, engage in group study, and teach others to reinforce learning.

Set goals, track progress, and practice under time constraints to improve speed and accuracy. Seek help when needed and stay organized with notes and formulas. Be patient and persistent, as learning trigonometry effectively is a gradual process. With dedication, you can quickly grasp concepts and become proficient in trigonometry problem-solving.

Q 3. What is the formula for a 30 60 90 triangle?

Ans: The formula for the sides of a 30-60-90 triangle is as follows:

Shortest side (opposite 30-degree angle): a
Side opposite the 60-degree angle: b = a√3
Hypotenuse: c = 2a

Remember, this formula is applicable to all 30-60-90 triangles, regardless of their size. If you know the length of one side, you can use these ratios to find the lengths of the other sides. Conversely, if you know the lengths of two sides, you can calculate the third side using these ratios.

Q 4. What angle is depression?

Ans: The term “angle of depression” refers to the angle formed between a horizontal line and the line of sight when an observer looks downward to view an object or point that is at a lower level. In other words, it is the angle measured from the horizontal line to the line of sight directed downward.

The angle of depression is commonly used in various fields, such as surveying, architecture, and physics, to determine the height or distance of an object or point below the observer’s viewpoint. It is the complement of the angle of elevation, which is the angle formed when an observer looks upward to view an object or point that is at a higher level.

Q 5. What is angle of sight?

Ans: The term “angle of sight” is not a standard or widely used trigonometric term. It might be a colloquial or informal expression to refer to either the “angle of elevation” or the “angle of depression,” depending on the context.

1. Angle of Elevation: The angle of elevation is the angle formed between a horizontal line and the line of sight when an observer looks upward to view an object or point that is at a higher level. It is used to determine the height or distance of an object above the observer’s viewpoint.

2. Angle of Depression: The angle of depression, as mentioned earlier, is the angle formed between a horizontal line and the line of sight when an observer looks downward to view an object or point that is at a lower level. It helps determine the height or distance of an object below the observer’s viewpoint.

If you encounter the term “angle of sight” in a specific context, it would be best to clarify with additional context or refer to the specific trigonometric concept it represents, which is either the angle of elevation or the angle of depression.

Class 10th Political Parties Notes of NCERT Civics Chapter 4

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : July 21, 2023

Class 10th Political Parties: In Class 10th, students delve into Chapter 6: Political Parties, an essential topic in the Social Science curriculum. This chapter introduces young minds to the world of political parties, their significance in a democratic nation like India, and their role in shaping the country’s governance.

By comprehending the inner workings of political parties, students gain insights into the democratic backbone of India and the process by which leaders and representatives are elected to govern the nation. Let’s embark on a journey to understand the fundamentals of political parties in India and their impact on the nation’s progress.

Class 10th Political Parties

The Importance of Political Parties in a Democracy

In a democratic nation, political parties play a pivotal role in representing the diverse interests and aspirations of the citizens. These organizations are essential for a well-functioning democracy, as they provide a platform for people to participate in governance actively. Here’s why political parties are crucial in a democratic setup:

Representation of People: Political parties act as intermediaries between the government and the citizens. They voice the concerns and demands of the people, making sure their needs are taken into account in policymaking.
Formulation and Articulation of Policies: Parties develop and present different policies and ideologies to address societal issues. Through healthy debates, they propose solutions that cater to various sections of the population.
Electoral Process: Political parties contest elections to fill legislative positions, including the Parliament and state assemblies. These elections offer citizens the opportunity to choose their representatives and participate in the decision-making process.
Government Formation: Political parties with majority support in the elections form the government, and the party’s leader becomes the Prime Minister or Chief Minister. The party in power is responsible for implementing policies and running the country or state effectively.
Accountability: Political parties hold elected representatives accountable for their actions and decisions. They act as watchdogs, ensuring that the government works in the best interest of the citizens.

Evolution of Political Parties in India

India’s political landscape has witnessed significant transformations over the years. Understanding the evolution of political parties is crucial to grasp their current impact on the nation’s governance. Here’s a brief overview of the development of political parties in India:

SN.	Party Name	Foundation Year
1.	Indian National Congress	1885
2.	Communist Party of India	1925
3.	Bhartiya Janta Party	1980
4.	Bahujan Samaj Party	1984
5.	All India Trinamool Congress	1998
6.	Nationalist Congress Party	1999
7.	Aam Adami Party	2012
8.	National People Party	2013

Pre-Independence Era: Before India gained independence from British rule in 1947, the political scene was characterized by the Indian National Congress (INC) and a few regional parties. The INC, led by prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, spearheaded the freedom struggle.
Post-Independence: After independence, the Indian National Congress emerged as the dominant political party. It played a critical role in shaping India’s early democratic institutions and policies.
Emergence of Regional Parties: Over time, regional parties gained prominence as they addressed specific issues of regional importance. These parties represented the diverse cultural and linguistic identities of various states.
Era of Coalition Politics: In the 1990s, India witnessed a shift towards coalition politics, where no single party could secure a clear majority. This led to the formation of coalition governments at the central level.
Rise of Ideology-Based Parties: Alongside regional parties, ideology-based parties like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) emerged, attracting followers with distinct ideologies.
Current Scenario: Present-day India features a multi-party system, with a mix of national and regional parties competing in elections. Coalition governments have become more common, requiring parties to form alliances for stability.

The Role of Political Parties in Indian Democracy

Political parties play a crucial role in Indian democracy, serving as the primary means through which citizens participate in the political process. They act as bridges between the government and the people, representing diverse interests and ideologies. Here are some key roles of political parties in Indian democracy:

Representation:

Political parties represent the interests and aspirations of various sections of society. They bring together like-minded individuals and groups who share common goals, providing a platform for their voices to be heard.

Formation of Government:

In a parliamentary democracy like India, the political party or coalition with the majority in the legislative body forms the government. The party with the most seats in the Lok Sabha (House of the People) elects the Prime Minister, who becomes the head of the government.

Political Stability:

Political parties contribute to stability by providing continuity in governance. They establish stable governments, reducing the likelihood of frequent political crises or changes.

Policy Formulation:

Political parties present their visions and policies to the public during elections. Once in power, they implement these policies, shaping the country’s direction and development.

Accountability:

Opposition parties act as watchdogs, holding the ruling party accountable for its actions and decisions. They provide checks and balances, ensuring transparency and preventing misuse of power.

Participation:

Political parties encourage citizen participation in the democratic process. They mobilize people to vote, engage in political debates, and exercise their right to choose their representatives.

Social Transformation:

Political parties promote social change and inclusivity. They advocate for the rights of marginalized communities and work towards a more equitable society.

Regional Representation:

India’s diversity is reflected in the existence of regional parties that represent the interests of specific states or regions. These parties address local issues and concerns, fostering a federal structure.

Coalition Building:

In a multi-party system, alliances and coalitions are formed to gain a majority in the government. This promotes cooperation and consensus-building among different parties.

Promotion of Democratic Values:

Political parties are instrumental in upholding democratic values, such as freedom of speech, expression, and association. They play a vital role in safeguarding the democratic fabric of the country.

However, challenges such as money power, political dynasties, and lack of internal democracy in some parties can undermine the democratic process. Despite these challenges, political parties remain central to the functioning of Indian democracy, shaping its course and reflecting the collective will of the people.

Challenges Faced by Political Parties in India

Despite their significant role in Indian democracy, political parties face various challenges that impact their functioning. Some of the prominent challenges include:

Corruption: Corruption is a prevalent issue that affects several political parties. It erodes public trust and undermines the democratic process.
Communalism and Caste-Based Politics: Some parties indulge in communal or caste-based politics to garner votes, leading to social divisions and polarization.
Money Power: The influence of money in elections and party financing is a concern that needs addressing. It can lead to unequal representation and affect the fairness of the electoral process.
Lack of Internal Democracy: Some parties lack internal democracy, with decision-making concentrated in the hands of a few leaders.
Dynastic Politics: The prevalence of dynastic politics, where party leadership is based on family lineage, can hinder meritocracy and limit opportunities for new leaders to emerge.
Regionalism and Fragmentation: The proliferation of regional parties and fragmented mandates in elections can result in unstable coalition governments.

Role of Election commission of India

Following are the work of Election Commission:

Independent Constitutional Body overseeing elections.
Comprises Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.
Conducts elections for Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, President, and Vice-President.
Responsible for delimitation of constituencies.
Prepares and updates electoral rolls.
Enforces the Model Code of Conduct during elections.
Conducts voter education and awareness programs.
Introduced Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) for secure voting.
Handles election disputes and complaints.
Engages in international cooperation and election observation programs.

Summery of Class 10th Political Parties

Political Parties in Class 10th offers students valuable insights into the functioning and significance of political parties in India’s democratic system.

By understanding their evolution, roles, and challenges, students can appreciate the dynamic nature of India’s political landscape.

Political parties remain integral to the nation’s governance, providing citizens with a voice and shaping policies that impact the lives of millions.

As future citizens, the knowledge gained from this chapter empowers students to actively engage in the democratic process, fostering a stronger and more inclusive India.

Read Also:

Frequently Asked Question – FAQs: Class 10th Political Parties

Q 1. What is political party?

A political party is an organized group of individuals with shared political beliefs and ideologies. Its primary goal is to participate in the electoral process to gain political power and influence government policies. Political parties play a vital role in democratic systems, representing the interests and concerns of their members and supporters. They develop policy platforms, nominate candidates for public offices, and engage in campaigns to attract voter support. Through their participation in elections, political parties seek to govern and enact their agenda, shaping the direction of a country’s governance and legislation.

Q 2. Importance of Class 10th political parties chapter in students life?

The importance of studying political parties in a student’s life is multifaceted and far-reaching. Firstly, it promotes civic awareness by helping students understand the functioning of the political system and the role of parties in representing people’s interests. This knowledge nurtures critical thinking as students learn to evaluate diverse ideologies and policies. It installs a sense of social responsibility, encouraging active participation in the democratic process and fostering leadership development through engagement in political discussions and student groups.

Moreover, studying political parties broadens students’ global awareness, as they explore different party systems worldwide and gain insights into international relations. It raises ethical considerations, promoting discussions on transparency, public interests, and corruption avoidance. This empowerment enables students to be proactive advocates for the causes they believe in and facilitates conflict resolution and negotiation skills development.

For those aspiring to careers in politics or public administration, this knowledge serves as a foundation. Additionally, it promotes diversity appreciation by exposing students to various perspectives. Overall, understanding political parties enriches students’ personal growth, cultivates active citizenship, and contributes to creating well-rounded, responsible, and informed global citizens.

Q 3. What are the main features of class 10th political parties?

Political parties in Class 10 are characterized by their organized structure, shared ideology, and participation in elections. They represent the interests of their members and formulate policy platforms. Winning parties or coalitions form the government, while others act as the opposition. Parties engage in election campaigns, use propaganda, and adapt to changing societal demands. Pluralism is evident in democratic societies, with multiple parties representing diverse interests and opinions. Understanding these features helps students comprehend the role and functioning of political parties in a democratic system.

Class 10 Development Notes of NCERT Economics Chapter 1

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : July 21, 2023

Class 10 development notes: The CBSE Notes for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 introduce the concept of ‘Development’ and serve as a foundational understanding for higher classes where more development issues are explored. In this chapter, students will find answers to critical questions about a country’s ideal state, essential requirements, prospects for a better life for all, coexistence principles, and possibilities for increased equality. These answers aren’t confined to Economics alone; They are also intertwined with insights from History and Political Science. Understanding development necessitates a holistic approach as our present way of life is profoundly shaped by our past.

Topics Covered in the Class 10 development Notes

Overview
What Development Promises —Different People, Different Goals.
Income and Other Goals.
National Development.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
Income and Other Criteria.
Public Facilities.
Sustainability of Development.

What Development Promises —Different People, Different Goals

People are unique in their perspectives, values, and priorities, which lead them to pursue different paths and set distinct goals in life. What may be important and meaningful to one person might not hold the same significance for another.

This phrase emphasizes the diversity and individuality of human beings, acknowledging that each person has their own set of dreams, desires, and aims. It also highlights the need for understanding and respecting these differences, as it is natural for people to have diverse goals and aspirations based on their backgrounds, experiences, and personal preferences. Recognizing and embracing these distinctions is essential for building a harmonious and inclusive society.

Income and Other Goals

Individuals desire increased income, as it enables the acquisition of material possessions and services, influencing our lives significantly. Nevertheless, the quality of life is also influenced by non-material factors like equitable treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. Development encompasses a combination of goals, wherein people seek not only better financial prospects but also other essential aspects of life. These developmental objectives extend beyond mere income enhancement, encompassing broader aspects that contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful existence.

Class 10 Development Notes

National Development

People can have different and even opposite ideas about how a country should progress and develop.

How to Compare Different Countries or States?

To compare countries, we often look at their income, which is a crucial factor in determining how developed they are. Countries with higher incomes are generally more developed than those with lower incomes. Instead of comparing total income, we consider the average income of each country to understand what an average person earns.

Average income is the total income of a country divided by its total population, known as per capital income.

Per Capita Income = Total Income of Country / Total Population of Country

In World Development Reports, per capita income is used to classify countries.

Countries with a per capita income of US$ 12,056 or more in 2017 are called rich countries. Low-income Countries has income of US$ 955 or less. For example, India falls into this category.

Income and Other Criteria

When we consider a country or an area, we must not only focus on the average income but also pay attention to public facilities, which are equally important.

Public Facilities: These are the services that the government offers to its people. Some essential public facilities include infrastructure, sanitation, public transport, healthcare, water supply, and more.

Sustainability of Development

Sustainable development means progress that fulfills the current needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Scientists have been cautioning that our current type and level of development are not sustainable. Some examples of this unsustainability include the overuse of groundwater and the depletion of natural resources.

Summery of Class 10 Development Notes

The CBSE Notes for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 introduce the concept of ‘Development,’ exploring critical questions about a country’s progress and goals.

It emphasizes the individuality of people, recognizing diverse aspirations and priorities. Development is not solely about income; non-material factors like freedom, security, and respect also influence the quality of life. The chapter explains how countries are compared using per capital income and considers public facilities’ importance.

It presents data comparing Maharashtra, Kerala, and Bihar. Moreover, we talk about the cool concept of sustainable development! It’s all about finding a way to fulfill our current needs without messing up the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. We also look at some not-so-cool examples of unsustainability, like overusing groundwater and depleting natural resources.

Frequently Asked Question – FAQs: Class 10 Development Notes

Q 1. Importance of “Development” chapter for students?

The “Development” chapter introduces students to the multidimensional nature of development, beyond economic growth.
It emphasizes that development should cater to diverse individual goals and aspirations.
Students gain a holistic perspective on development, considering material and non-material factors.
The chapter fosters critical thinking as students evaluate the meaning of development in the context of a country or region.
They learn methods to compare and analyze development levels among different countries or states.
The concept of sustainable development raises awareness about responsible resource use and environmental preservation.
Students develop a sense of social responsibility and active citizenship, understanding development challenges in their communities and beyond.
The chapter is relevant for those interested in economics, international relations, sociology, and environmental studies careers.
It provides a global perspective, showcasing how different countries face distinct developmental challenges.
Overall, the chapter equips students with knowledge and values essential for becoming informed and responsible global citizens.

Q 2. What are the various key factor to determine a country’s development?

Key factors to determine a country’s development include GDP, GNI/GNP, and per capital income, reflecting economic prosperity and living standards.
The Human Development Index (HDI) considers life expectancy, education, and income to assess human development levels.
Education, literacy rate, and healthcare indicators provide insights into a nation’s human capital and well-being.
Adequate infrastructure and public facilities, like transportation and access to basic services, are vital for economic and social development.
Low unemployment rates and stable governance contribute to economic growth and societal stability.
Income inequality and poverty rates reflect the distribution of wealth and opportunities within a country.
Environmental sustainability and commitment to conservation impact a country’s long-term development.
Access to clean water and sanitation facilities is essential for public health and human development.
Gender equality and empowering women contribute to social progress and inclusive development.
These factors collectively offer a comprehensive assessment of a country’s development status, guiding policymakers in prioritizing development strategies.

Q 3. When a country will known as “Developed Country”?

A “Developed Country” refers to a nation that has achieved a high level of economic prosperity, industrialization, technology, and social well-being.

The categorization varies among different organizations and indices. Common features of developed countries include high GDP per capita, advanced infrastructure, low poverty, access to quality healthcare and education, low infant mortality, high life expectancy, strong governance, and a high standard of living.

Examples of developed countries include the United States, Canada, Germany, Japan, Australia, and several European nations. Development is an ongoing process, and countries may transition from developing to developed status based on socio-economic improvements over time.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10th Notes of NCERT Geo. Ch. 6

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : July 21, 2023

Manufacturing industries class 10th notes: Manufacturing is the process of mass-producing goods through the transformation of raw materials. It encompasses various industries such as steel factories, automobile production, breweries, textile manufacturing, bakeries, and more. These industries are categorized as secondary activities. In CBSE Notes Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 – Manufacturing Industries, you will primarily focus on learning about manufacturing industries belonging to the secondary sector.

Topics Covered in the Article Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Importance of Manufacturing
Agriculture and Industry
Contribution of Industry to National Economy
Industrial Location
Classification of Industry
Agro Based
Textile Industry
Cotton textiles
Jute Textiles
Sugar Industries
Mineral Based Industries
Iron and Steel Industry
Aluminium Smelting
Chemical Industries
Fertiliser Industry
Cement Industry
Automobile Industry
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Control of Environmental Degradation

Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Importance of Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector is widely regarded as the foundation of development, and this is attributed to several compelling reasons:

1. Modernizing Agriculture: Manufacturing industries play a crucial role in modernizing agriculture by creating job opportunities in the secondary and tertiary sectors. This helps to diversify the economy and provide alternative employment options for the workforce.

2. Combating Unemployment and Poverty: The presence of a thriving manufacturing sector aids in alleviating unemployment and poverty. By generating substantial employment opportunities, it enhances the standard of living for many individuals and families.

3. Boosting Trade and Commerce: Manufacturing industries contribute significantly to the expansion of trade and commerce, especially through the export of manufactured goods. This leads to a higher inflow of foreign exchange, which is essential for a well-functioning economy.

4. Fostering Economic Growth: The growth and success of the manufacturing sector have a cascading effect on the overall economy. It stimulates economic growth, encourages investments, and enhances the nation’s prosperity.

In summary, the manufacturing sector’s multifaceted contributions make it a vital pillar of development, impacting various aspects of a nation’s progress and prosperity.

Agriculture and Industry

Agriculture and industry share a mutually beneficial relationship, relying on each other for growth and sustainability.

→ Industries significantly enhance agriculture by elevating productivity through the provision of essential tools and products like fertilizers, among others.

→ Conversely, industries depend on agriculture as a valuable source of raw materials. They cater to farmers by offering products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machinery, and tools, thereby strengthening the agricultural sector. This interdependence fosters a synergistic partnership between agriculture and industry, driving overall economic development.

Contribution of Industry to National Economy

The contribution of the industry to the national economy is paramount. Industries, particularly manufacturing, form the backbone of economic development, driving growth, and prosperity. They play a crucial role in generating employment opportunities, reducing unemployment, and improving livelihoods. Moreover, industries contribute significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country, fueling economic expansion and enhancing the overall standard of living. Beyond economic benefits, industries promote innovation, technological advancements, and skill development. Additionally, they facilitate foreign trade, exporting goods and services, thereby boosting foreign exchange earnings. Overall, the industry’s contribution is indispensable, fostering a robust and vibrant national economy.

Industrial Location

The positioning of industries is influenced by the accessibility of the following factors:

1. Raw materials
2. Labor
3. Capital
4. Power
5. Market
6. Government policies

Manufacturing activities tend to gravitate towards locations where all these industrial factors are readily available or can be arranged at a lower cost. The figure below illustrates the crucial link between industries and markets in the context of industrial location.

Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Classification of Industry

In terms of the source of raw materials used, industries can be classified as:

• Agro-based industries that rely on agricultural products as their primary input.
• Mineral-based industries that utilize minerals and natural resources for manufacturing processes.

Industries can also be categorized based on their main role:

• Basic or key industries, which supply products or raw materials essential for manufacturing other goods. Examples include iron and steel, and copper smelting industries.
• Consumer industries, which produce goods directly used by end consumers, like sugar and toothpaste manufacturing.

Another classification is based on the level of capital investment:

• Small-scale industries, which require investments up to rupees one crore and employ a smaller number of laborers.
• Large-scale industries, characterized by investments exceeding one crore, often employing a more extensive workforce.

Ownership also plays a role in classifying industries:

• Public sector industries, owned and operated by government agencies like BHEL and SAIL.
• Private sector industries, owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, such as TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., and Dabur Industries.

Other ownership-based categories include:

• Joint sector industries, jointly run by the state and private individuals or groups. An example is Oil India Ltd. (OIL), which has both public and private ownership.
• Cooperative sector industries, owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both.

Industries can also be distinguished based on the bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods they handle:

• Heavy industries, like iron and steel, which deal with substantial raw materials and produce bulky goods.
• Light industries, such as electrical industries, which use lighter raw materials and produce less bulky goods.

Agro Based Industries

Industries based on agricultural raw materials include cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar, edible oil, and more. Let’s explore each of them individually:

Textile Industry:

The Indian textile industry is unique for its self-reliance and complete value chain, covering everything from raw materials to the highest value-added products. It plays a significant role in industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings.

Cotton Textiles:

This industry holds strong ties with agriculture, providing livelihoods to farmers, cotton boll pluckers, and workers involved in various stages like ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring, and sewing. Additionally, it supports other related sectors, including chemicals and dyes, packaging materials, and engineering works.

Jute Textiles:

India ranks as the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Most of the jute mills are concentrated in West Bengal, primarily along the banks of the Hugli River.

Sugar Industry:

India holds the second position in global sugar production and is a leading producer of Gur and Khandsari. However, this industry is seasonal in nature, operating during specific periods.

Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Mineral-Based Industries

Mineral-based industries are those that utilize minerals and metals as their primary raw materials. Let’s explore some of the industries falling under this category:

Iron and Steel Industry:

The iron and steel industry is considered the backbone of all other industries, including heavy, medium, and light, as they rely on it for their machinery. It is classified as a heavy industry due to the substantial weight of both raw materials and finished goods, leading to high transportation costs. India holds significant importance as an iron and steel producer globally, but certain challenges hinder its full potential, such as limited availability and high costs of coking coal, lower labor productivity, irregular energy supply, and inadequate infrastructure.

Aluminium Smelting:

Aluminium smelting ranks as the second most significant metallurgical industry in India. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils, and wires, with bauxite being the primary raw material used in the smelting process. Aluminium is increasingly favored as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead in various industries due to its lightweight, corrosion-resistant properties, good heat conductivity, malleability, and strength when mixed with other metals.

Chemical Industries:

The chemical industry comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing units and has witnessed rapid growth in both inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash, and caustic soda, while organic chemicals encompass petrochemicals used in the production of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals.

Fertilizer Industry:

Fertilizer industries are focused on the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, mainly urea, phosphatic fertilizers like ammonium phosphate (DAP), and complex fertilizers containing a combination of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. States like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala contribute significantly to fertilizer production in India.

Cement Industry

Essential for construction activities, the cement industry plays a vital role in building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams, and commercial establishments. The production of cement requires bulky and heavy raw materials such as limestone, silica, and gypsum.

Automobile Industry

The automobile industry involves the manufacturing of various vehicles, including trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, and multi-utility vehicles. This industry is typically concentrated around major cities like Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

Encompassing a wide range of products, the electronics industry includes transistor sets, televisions, telephones, cellular telecom equipment, telephone exchanges, radars, computers, and other telecommunication devices. This industry has significantly contributed to employment generation in India, with Bengaluru being recognized as the electronic capital of the country.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution, namely air, water, land, and noise. Air pollution occurs due to undesirable gases emitted by various industries, impacting human health, animals, plants, and the atmosphere.

Water pollution results from industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers, leading to ecological and health hazards. Thermal pollution arises when hot water from factories and thermal plants is released into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Noise pollution, caused by industrial activities, affects human and animal life, leading to irritation, hearing impairment, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. Efforts to mitigate and manage industrial pollution are essential to protect the environment and ensure sustainable industrial development.

Control of Environmental Degradation

There are several effective ways to reduce industrial pollution:

1. Water Conservation: Minimize water usage by implementing measures for reusing and recycling water within industrial processes. Additionally, harvesting rainwater can be employed to meet water requirements.

2. Effluent Treatment: Treat hot water and industrial effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds to minimize water pollution and protect aquatic ecosystems.

3. Air Pollution Control: Install smoke stacks equipped with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter emissions from factories.

4. Cleaner Fuels: Switching from coal to cleaner fuels like oil or gas in industrial processes can significantly reduce smoke emissions and air pollution.

5. Energy Efficiency: Redesign machinery and processes to enhance energy efficiency, reducing overall energy consumption and environmental impact.

By adopting these practices, industries can play a pivotal role in curbing pollution and promoting sustainable development. For further knowledge on various subjects, access CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes for History, Political Science, Geography, and Economics, conveniently compiled in one place. Stay curious and continue learning!

Summery of Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

The “Manufacturing Industries Class 10th Notes” emphasize the vital role of manufacturing in mass-producing goods from raw materials. It covers various industries in the secondary sector, such as steel factories, automobile production, and textile manufacturing.

The chapter highlights manufacturing’s significance in modernizing agriculture, reducing unemployment, and promoting economic growth. It explores the interdependence between agriculture and industry, the contribution of industries to the national economy, and factors affecting industrial location.

The classification of industries based on raw materials, role, capital investment, and ownership is explained. Additionally, the impact of industrial pollution on the environment and measures for its control are discussed.

Read Also:

Resources and Development Class 10 Notes of NCERT Geo. Ch. 1

Frequently Asked Question – FAQs: Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Q 1. What is the best manufacturing industry?

Reliance Industries Limited: A conglomerate with diverse interests, including petrochemicals, refining, telecommunications, retail, and more.
Tata Group: A leading conglomerate with businesses in steel, automotive, information technology, consumer goods, and other sectors.
Adani Group: Involved in various industries, including ports, logistics, power generation, renewable energy, and mining.
Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T): An engineering and construction company with significant contributions to infrastructure development.
Mahindra & Mahindra Limited: A prominent player in the automotive industry, manufacturing cars, tractors, and other vehicles.
Bajaj Auto Limited: A major two-wheeler and three-wheeler manufacturer, known for its motorcycles and scooters.
ITC Limited: A diversified company with interests in cigarettes, consumer goods, hotels, and agribusiness.
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL): A leading fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company with a wide range of products.
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited: One of the largest pharmaceutical companies in India, manufacturing generic drugs.
Asian Paints Limited: A renowned paint manufacturer and market leader in India’s decorative paints segment.

Q 2. What are the type of manufacturing industry?

Automobile Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Textile Industry
Steel Industry
Electronics Industry
Food Processing Industry
Chemical Industry
Aerospace and Defense Industry
Renewable Energy Industry
Cement Industry and many more.

Q 3. Role of Industries in a country’s development?

Industries play a pivotal role in a country’s development by driving economic growth, creating jobs, fostering technological advancements, and generating foreign exchange earnings. They contribute to infrastructure development, skill enhancement, and regional growth, while also stimulating entrepreneurship and innovation. Industries are crucial for sustainable development and overall prosperity.

Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes of NCERT Science Ch. 2

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : July 21, 2023

Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes: A salt is created through the replacement of hydrogen ions by a metal or an ammonium ion in the precens of acid. A substance referred to as a base undergoes a reaction with an acid, resulting in the production of water and salt exclusively. Consequently, the combination of an acid and a base leads to the formation of a salt.

Household cleaning products are used to remove oil from windows and floors contain bases. Bases found in items like soaps, toothpaste, egg whites, dishwashing liquids, and household ammonia.

This article will give you a overview and quick short notes on class 10 chapter 2: Acid bases and salts.

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids Bases And Salts

Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes

Introduction of Acid Base and Salts: Short Notes

An acid is defined as a substance that exhibits a sour taste when dissolved in water, turns blue litmus paper to red, and has the ability to neutralize bases. Conversely, a base is a substance whose aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red litmus paper to blue, and can neutralize acids. On the other hand, salt is a neutral substance that does not have any impact on litmus paper when dissolved in an aqueous solution.

Acids Bases and Salts can be classified based on:

a) Composition: This includes elements, compounds, and mixtures.

b) State: Matter can exist in the form of solids, liquids, or gases.

c) Solubility: Matter can be categorized as suspensions, colloids, or solutions based on its ability to dissolve.

Mixtures can be further classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on the uniformity of their composition. Compounds, on the other hand, can be categorised as covalent or ionic compounds based on the types of chemical bonds present within them.

What Is an Acid, Base and Salts

An acid is characterised as any substance that contains hydrogen and has the ability to donate a proton, which is a hydrogen ion, to another substance. On the other hand, a base refers to a molecule or ion that can accept a hydrogen ion from an acid. Acidic substances are commonly recognised by their sour taste, which is a distinctive characteristic.

Ionisable and Non-Ionisable Compounds

As per chapter 2 of class 10 Ionizable compounds are substances that have the ability to undergo ionization, which is the process of forming ions by gaining or losing charged particles (usually electrons or protons) when dissolved in a solvent like water. In other words, ionizable compounds can dissociate into ions in solution.

On the other hand, non-ionizable compounds are substances that do not readily undergo ionization when dissolved in a solvent. These compounds remain predominantly in their molecular form and do not dissociate into ions.

Arrhenius’ Theory of Acids and Bases

According to the Arrhenius definition, an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates to produce H+ (aq) or H3O+ ions. Conversely, an Arrhenius base is a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates to yield OH− ions.

Examples:

Acids:

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Nitric acid (HNO3)

Bases:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

Bronsted Lowry Theory

A Bronsted acid is defined as a substance that donates an H+ (aq) ion in a chemical reaction. Conversely, a Bronsted base is a substance that accepts an H+ (aq) ion.

Example:

In the reaction: HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH+4(aq) + Cl− (aq)

HCl acts as a Bronsted acid because it donates an H+ (aq) ion.
Cl− is the conjugate base of HCl because it remains after the acid donates its H+ (aq) ion.
NH3 acts as a Bronsted base because it accepts the H+ (aq) ion from HCl.
NH+4 is the conjugate acid of NH3 because it is formed after accepting the H+ (aq) ion.

Physical Test for Acid and Base

Two physical tests can be employed to identify an acid or a base.

a. Taste: An acid typically has a sour taste, while a base has a bitter taste. However, this method of taste is not recommended as it can be unsafe due to potential contamination or corrosiveness of acids and bases.

Example: Compounds like curd, lemon juice, orange juice, and vinegar possess a sour taste because they contain acids. Baking soda, on the other hand, has a bitter taste and serves as an example of a base.

b. Effect on Indicators by Acids and Bases: Indicators are chemical substances that undergo a change in their physical properties, such as color or odor, when in contact with an acid or a base. The following are commonly used indicators and the colors they exhibit:

a) Litmus:

In a neutral solution: Purple
In an acidic solution: Red
In a basic solution: Blue

Litmus is available in the form of paper strips, with red litmus and blue litmus variants. An acid turns a moist blue litmus paper to red, while a base turns a moist red litmus paper to blue.

b) Methyl orange:

In a neutral solution: Orange
In an acidic solution: Red
In a basic solution: Yellow

c) Phenolphthalein:

In a neutral solution: Colorless
In an acidic solution: Remains colorless
In a basic solution: Pink

These indicators can be used to determine whether a substance is acidic or basic based on the observed color change.

Acid-Base Reactions for Class 10 Students

An acid-base neutralization reaction takes place when an acid reacts with a base. The outcome of this reaction is the formation of salt and water as the end products. In the standard approach, an acid-base neutralization reaction is represented as a double-replacement reaction.

Class 10 Reactions of Acids and Bases

a) Reaction of acids and bases with metals

Acids, in general, react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Bases, in general, do not react with metals and do not produce hydrogen gas.

Acid + active metal → salt + hydrogen + heat

2HCl + Mg → MgCl₂+ H₂ (↑)

Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen

Base + metal → salt + hydrogen + heat

2NaOH + Zn → Na₂ZnO₂+ H₂ (↑)

Sodium hydroxide + Zinc → Sodium zincate + Hydrogen

A more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its base.

2Na + Mg (OH)₂→ 2NaOH + Mg

Sodium + Magnesium hydroxide → Sodium hydroxide + Magnesium

b) Reaction of acids with metal carbonates and bicarbonates

Acids produce carbon dioxide, as well as metal salts and water, when they react with metal carbonates or metal bicarbonates. Sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water are formed when sodium carbonate interacts with hydrochloric acid. Allowing carbon dioxide gas to travel through lime water turns it milky.

Acid + metal carbonate or bicarbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide.

2HCl + CaCO₃→ CaCl₂+ H₂O + CO₂
H₂SO₄+ Mg (HCO₃)₂→ MgSO₄+ 2H₂O + 2CO₂

Effervescence indicates the liberation of CO₂ gas.

c) Reaction of Acid with Base given in class 10

1. Reaction of metal oxides and hydroxides with acids
Metal oxides or metal hydroxides are basic in nature.
Acid + base → salt + water + heat

H₂SO₄+ MgO → MgSO₄+ H₂O
2HCl + Mg (OH)₂→ MgCl₂+ 2H₂O

2. Reaction of non-metal oxides with bases

Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature
Base + Nonmetal oxide → salt + water + heat

2NaOH + CO₂→ Na₂CO₃+ H₂O

3. Reaction of acids and base

A very common acid is hydrochloric acid. The reaction between strong acid, says hydrochloric acid and strong base say sodium hydroxide, forms salt and water. The complete chemical equation is shown below.

HCl (strong acid) + NaOH (strong base) → NaCl (salt) + H2O (water)

Water:

Water itself is a neutral substance and does not exhibit acidic or basic properties. However, it plays a crucial role in the dissociation of acids and bases when they are added to it. Acids and bases dissociate into their respective ions when dissolved in water, allowing them to conduct electricity.

Difference between a Base and an Alkali:

Base:

Bases can undergo a neutralization reaction with acids.
They are composed of metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and metal bicarbonates.
Most bases are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.

Alkali:

An alkali refers specifically to an aqueous solution of a base, primarily consisting of metallic hydroxides.
Alkalis readily dissolve in water and dissociate to produce OH− ions.
It’s important to note that while all alkalis are bases, not all bases are alkalis. The term “alkali” specifically applies to bases that are soluble in water and form alkaline solutions.

Hydronium Ion

Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes

A hydronium ion is created when a hydrogen ion (H+) accepts a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom of a water molecule. This interaction leads to the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between the hydrogen ion and the water molecule.

Dilution: Dilution refers to the process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent, usually water. This addition of solvent is typically an exothermic process, releasing heat. When diluting an acid, it is important to add the acid to water gradually, and not the other way around, to prevent potential splattering or hazardous reactions.

Strength of Acids and Bases: Strong acid or base: A strong acid or base is characterized by complete dissociation in water, where all the molecules of a given amount fully separate into their respective ions, resulting in the presence of H+(aq) ions for acids and OH−(aq) ions for bases.

Weak acid or base: In contrast, a weak acid or base only partially dissociates in water, with only a few of the molecules from a given amount breaking apart to form their respective ions. This results in the presence of H+(aq) ions for acids and OH−(aq) ions for bases, but in smaller quantities compared to strong acids or bases.

pH

A universal indicator is a type of pH indicator that provides a pH range from 0 to 14, allowing it to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It changes color depending on the pH value of the solution, providing a visual representation of its acid-base nature.

PH Scale for Acids Bases and Salts

A neutral solution, which is neither acidic nor alkaline, has a pH value of 7.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the equation pH = -log10[H+]. In pure water, the concentrations of both hydrogen ions ([H+]) and hydroxide ions ([OH-]) are equal to 10^-7 mol/L. Therefore, the pH of pure water is 7.

The pH scale spans from 0 to 14, where values below 7 indicate an acidic solution, values above 7 indicate a basic (alkaline) solution, and a pH of 7 represents a neutral solution.

Importance of pH in Everyday Life: Class 10 Notes

1. pH sensitivity of plants and animals:

Plants and animals exhibit sensitivity to pH levels. Vital biological processes such as food digestion, enzyme functions, and hormonal activities rely on specific pH values for proper functioning.

2. pH of soil:

For optimal plant growth and cultivation, the pH of soil is ideally maintained between 6.5 and 7.0. This range provides favorable conditions for nutrient availability and absorption by plants.

3. pH in the digestive system:

The digestive process within our stomach occurs at a specific pH range of 1.5 to 4. The acidic environment, influenced by hydrochloric acid (HCl), aids in the breakdown of food. Enzymatic activities during digestion are also dependent on the pH conditions within the stomach.

4. pH in tooth decay:

Tooth decay occurs when teeth are exposed to an acidic environment with a pH of 5.5 and below. Acidic conditions promote the erosion of tooth enamel, leading to decay and cavities.

5. pH in self-defence mechanisms of animals and plants:

Both animals and plants employ acidic substances as a means of self-defense. For instance, bees and plants like nettles secrete highly acidic substances to deter threats. These secreted acidic substances possess specific pH levels that contribute to their defensive properties.

Manufacture of Acids and Bases

Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes

a) Nonmetal oxide + water → acid

SO₂(g) + H₂O(l) → H₂SO₃(aq)
SO₃(g) + H₂O(l) → H₂SO₄(aq)
4NO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) + O₂(g) → 4HNO₃(aq)

Non-metal oxides are thus referred to as acid anhydrides.

b) Hydrogen + halogen → acid

H₂(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2HCl(g)
HCl(g) + H₂O(l) → HCl(aq)

c) Metallic salt + conc. sulphuric acid → salt + more volatile acid
2NaCl(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) → Na₂SO₄(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2KNO₃(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) → K₂SO₄(aq) + 2HNO₃(aq)

d) Metal + oxygen → metallic oxide (base)
4Na(s) + O₂(g) → 2Na₂O(s)
2Mg(s) + O₂(g) → 2MgO(s)

e) Metal + water → base or alkali + hydrogen
Zn(s) + H₂O(steam) → ZnO(s)+ H₂(g)

f) Few metallic oxides + water → alkali
Na₂O(s) + H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

g) Ammonia + water → ammonium hydroxide
NH₃(g) + H₂O(l) → NH₄OH(aq)

Salts

Salt is a general term used to refer to a class of compounds composed of ions held together by ionic bonds. In chemistry, salt specifically refers to a compound formed when the hydrogen ions of an acid are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions. This process is known as neutralization. Salts are typically solid crystals with high melting points and can be either soluble or insoluble in water.

Common examples of salts include sodium chloride (table salt), calcium carbonate, potassium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate. Salts play essential roles in various biological, chemical, and industrial processes. They are widely used in cooking, food preservation, manufacturing, and as nutrients for plants and animals.

Types of Salts

Common Salt:

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is commonly known as common salt because it is extensively used worldwide for culinary purposes.

Family of Salts:

Salts that share the same cation or anion belong to the same family. For instance, NaCl, KCl, and LiCl are members of the same salt family.

pH of Salts:

A salt resulting from the combination of a strong acid and a strong base will be neutral in nature, indicated by a pH value of around 7.
A salt formed from a weak acid and a strong base will be basic, with a pH value greater than 7.
Conversely, a salt produced from a strong acid and a weak base will be acidic, with a pH value below 7.
The pH of a salt derived from a weak acid and a weak base can be determined by conducting a pH test.

Chemicals from Common Salt

Sodium chloride is a widely recognized common salt, represented by its molecular formula NaCl. It is an essential component of our meals, serving as both a flavor enhancer and a preservative in our food. From common salt, we can derive the following four compounds:

1. Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda.
2. Baking soda, also referred to as sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.
3. Washing soda, scientifically known as sodium carbonate decahydrate.
4. Bleaching powder, which is calcium hypochlorite.

Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base with wide applicability. Caution must be exercised when preparing a sodium hydroxide solution by dissolving it in water, as the reaction is highly exothermic and can generate significant heat. It is crucial to ensure safety during this process to prevent splattering or boiling. The following steps outline a safe procedure for manufacturing a sodium hydroxide solution, along with recipes for different NaOH strengths:

Chemical formula: NaOH
Also known as: Caustic soda

Bleaching Powder:

Bleaching powder, which is soluble in water, is widely employed as a bleaching agent in textile industries. It serves as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant in various industrial applications. Bleaching powder is synthesised by reacting chlorine gas with dry slaked lime, represented as Ca(OH)2.

Chemical formula: Ca(OCl)Cl or CaOCl2
Preparation: Ca(OH)2(aq) + Cl2(g) → CaOCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Upon interaction with water, bleaching powder releases chlorine, which is responsible for its bleaching action.

Uses of Bleaching Powder:

1. It is used for bleaching soiled clothes in laundry and as a bleaching agent for cotton and linen in the textile industry.
2. As a strong oxidizing agent, it finds applications in various industries.
3. It is used as a disinfectant for purifying water, making it potable.

Baking Soda:

Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It consists of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3). Sodium bicarbonate exists as a white, crystalline substance, often found in the form of a fine powder. It has a slightly salty and alkaline taste, similar to washing soda (sodium carbonate).

Chemical name: Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula: NaHCO3

Preparation (Solvay process):

a. Limestone is heated: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
b. CO2 is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride and ammonia:
NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → NaHCO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)

Uses:

1. It reduces acidity in the stomach and acts as an antacid for treating stomach upset and indigestion.
2. It is utilized as a water softener in the process of washing.
3. Sodium bicarbonate finds applications in various household cleaning products.

Washing Soda:

Washing soda is another name for sodium carbonate decahydrate, which is a chemical compound with the formula Na2CO3·10H2O. It is commonly used in the glass, soap, and paper industries. Washing soda also functions as a water softener and is utilized as a domestic cleaner.

Chemical name: Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Chemical formula: Na2CO3·10H2O

Preparation (Solvay process):

a. Limestone is heated: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
b. CO2 is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride and ammonia:
NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → NaHCO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)

Uses:

1. It finds applications in the glass, soap, and paper industries.
2. Washing soda is utilized as a water softener to counteract hard water.
3. It serves as a domestic cleaner for various cleaning purposes.

Crystals of Salts:

Certain salts have the ability to form crystals by combining with a specific proportion of water. The water molecules that join with the salt in a crystal are referred to as water of crystallization. Crystallization is the process by which a solid substance arranges its atoms or molecules into a highly organized structure called a crystal. This process can occur through precipitation from a solution, freezing, or, in rare cases, direct deposition from a gas.

Examples:
Table salt (sodium chloride or halite crystals), sugar (sucrose), and snowflakes are common examples of materials that can form crystals. Many gemstones, such as quartz and diamond, also exhibit a crystal structure.

Plaster of Paris

Plaster of Paris is a widely used chemical compound that finds extensive application in sculpting materials and gauze bandages. It is a white powdery substance composed of hydrated calcium sulfate, which is typically obtained by calcining gypsum. In other words, Plaster of Paris is manufactured by heating gypsum at a high temperature.

Plaster of Paris is chemically expressed as CaSO4·1/2H2O, indicating that it contains one molecule of water of crystallization.

Uses:

Plaster of Paris, also known as gypsum plaster, is employed for creating casts to aid in the healing of fractures.

Summery: Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes

The “Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes” provide comprehensive information on the properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts.

The notes of Class 10’s chapter 2 “Acid bases and salts” cover various aspects, including the definition of acids and bases, their characteristics, pH scale, neutralization reactions, and the preparation of chemicals from common salt.

Additionally, the summary highlights the importance of pH in everyday life, the differences between bases and alkalis, and the types of salts.

The notes also elaborate on the formation of crystals in certain salts and the uses of Plaster of Paris. This detailed summary serves as a valuable resource for students studying these topics in their class 10 curriculum.

Read Also:

Frequently Asked Question – FAQ on Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes

Q 1. In the absence of water, acids do not exhibit their characteristic acidic behaviour.

Ans: Acids require water to display their typical acidic behavior due to a process known as ionization or dissociation. Acids release positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) into the water. These hydrogen ions are responsible for the acidic properties of the solution, as they can donate protons to other substances, leading to various acid-base reactions.

In the absence of water, there is no medium for the acids to dissociate into ions. Therefore, without water, acids cannot release hydrogen ions, and as a result, they do not exhibit their usual acidic characteristics such as the ability to lower pH, react with bases, or corrode certain materials.

Q 2. What are the three properties of Acids bases and salts?

Ans: The three main properties of acids are:

1. Sour taste: Many acids have a sour taste. Tasting acids is not recommended due to their potential for high corrosiveness and harm to health.

2. Acidic pH: Acids typically have a pH value lower than 7. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, considering 7 as neutral, and classifying values below 7 as acidic and values above 7 as alkaline (basic). The lower the pH value, the stronger the acid.

3. Acid-base reactions: Acids have the ability to react with bases to form salts and water in a process known as neutralization. In these reactions, acids donate hydrogen ions (H+) to bases, which then accept the ions to form water. This neutralization reaction results in the reduction of acidic or basic properties, respectively.

It’s important to handle acids with care, as some can be highly corrosive and pose significant risks to health and safety. When handling acids, it’s essential to prioritize safety and follow proper laboratory protocols.

Q 3. Write the pH range for acids and alkalis?

Ans: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where:

pH values below 7 indicate acidity
pH 7 is neutral
pH values above 7 indicate alkalinity (also known as basic).

Q 4. What is the chemical name of gypsum?

Ans: The chemical name of gypsum is “calcium sulfate dihydrate.” The gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) made up of calcium ions (Ca2+), sulfate ions (SO42-), and two water molecules (H2O) in each unit.

Q 5. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?

Ans: The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is “bleaching powder” or “chlorinated lime.” It is a white or pale grayish powder with a strong smell of chlorine.

Nationalism in India Class 10 NCERT History Chapter 2 Notes

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : July 21, 2023

Nationalism in India Class 10: The article delves into Congress’ efforts to foster the national movement. It also include the diverse participation of social groups, and the profound impact of nationalism on people’s minds. The outbreak of the First World War in 1919 had global ramifications, fueling India’s struggle for independence. This event ignited the spirit of nationalism, and the Non-Cooperation Movement, pivotal elements in India’s fight for freedom.

Nationalism stands as the largest mass movement of modern times, uniting millions across classes and ideologies in political action. This result in ultimately leading to the downfall of the colonial empire. If you’re seeking Nationalism in India class 10 notes, we’ve covered all the significant aspects here. Keep reading to explore further!

Visit history of class 10th for all chapter’s solution.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes

Class 10’s “Nationalism in India” chapter explores how a sense of common belonging fosters nationalism. It explores how their struggles bind them together, fostering a shared identity. The chapter also examines nationalism in various parts of the world, including Germany, France, Britain, Vietnam, India, and more. Below are the comprehensive notes on Nationalism in India Class 10 for your reference:

Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes

World War 1 (1914 -1918)

World War 1, had a profound impact on the world, and India was no exception. While India was a colony under British rule during this period, its involvement in the war was significant. The war brought forth numerous changes and challenges for the Indian subcontinent, shaping its political, social, and economic landscape.

As a part of the British Empire, India was automatically drawn into World War 1. The British government utilized Indian resources, manpower, and finances to support the war effort. Around 1.5 million Indian soldiers were recruited to serve on various battlefronts across the globe, making it the largest voluntary army of that time.

Indian soldiers exhibited tremendous bravery and dedication, playing a vital role in several major battles, including the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, Battle of Ypres, and the Mesopotamian campaign. Their sacrifices were significant, with over 74,000 Indian soldiers losing their lives and many more injured.

The war also had a significant impact on the home front in India. The British government imposed heavy taxes and requisitioned resources, leading to economic hardships and food shortages. Additionally, the war heightened political consciousness among Indians, and demands for self-rule and independence intensified.

India’s involvement in World War 1 became a turning point in the Indian nationalist movement. The war’s promise of democracy and self-determination for all nations highlighted the hypocrisy of British colonial rule. This led to the emergence of more assertive demands for independence and galvanized leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, who initiated nonviolent movements to demand self-rule.

The aftermath of World War 1 had a lasting impact on India’s political landscape. The disillusionment with British promises of self-determination fueled the demand for complete independence, leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement in the subsequent years.

Satyagraha

As per the NCERT 10th class history book, Satyagraha is derived from the words “Satya” (truth) and “Agraha” (holding on to truth). Mahatma Gandhi launched three regional Satyagrahas, as follows:

1. Champaran: In 1916, Gandhi initiated the first Satyagraha in Champaran, Bihar, encouraging people to protest against the oppressive teenkathiya system (plantation system).

2. Kheda: In 1917, Gandhi organized a Satyagraha in the Kheda district of Gujarat, supporting poor peasants demanding relief from high revenue collection.

3. Ahmedabad: In 1918, a Satyagraha was organized for cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.

Gandhi Ji based these movements on two principles: truth and non-violence. He believed that pure intentions could render force unnecessary in Satyagraha. Being a practitioner of non-violence, he emphasized that truth and non-violence (Dharma) were potent tools to win any battle. Throughout India’s nationalist struggle, Gandhi upheld this Dharma, as detailed in the 10th class history books.

Rowlatt Act of 1919

Following the regional Satyagrahas, Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide movement. However, in response, the Imperial legislative council passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919, granting the British significant power to suppress political activities and detain political prisoners without trial for two years.

In retaliation, Gandhi initiated a hartal (strike) on 6th April, marking the beginning of India’s workers’ national movement. This led to widespread disruptions, with closed shops, disrupted railways, and telegraph lines. In certain areas, martial law was imposed, and local leaders were arrested, while Gandhi himself was barred from entering Delhi.

On 13th April, during the Baisakhi festival in Amritsar, unaware of martial law, a gathering of people witnessed a tragic incident. General Dyer opened fire upon them, resulting in a large number of casualties to instill fear and awe. This dark episode is etched in the history of India’s nationalist movement.

As mentioned in the chapter “Nationalism in India Class 10,” Gandhi staunchly upheld non-violence. In response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he immediately called off the hartal, adhering to his principles of peaceful resistance.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes

Non Cooperation and Khilafat

According to the Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes, The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. It was a nationwide campaign aimed at resisting British rule through nonviolent means.

The movement called for Indians to boycott British institutions, schools, colleges, courts, and civil services, and to withdraw support from the British government. People were urged to adopt swadeshi (buying Indian-made goods) and spin their own cloth using the charkha (spinning wheel) to promote self-reliance.

The Non-Cooperation Movement saw widespread participation from people across different sections of society. It marked a turning point in India’s freedom struggle and brought millions of Indians together in a collective effort for independence.

However, the movement was called off in 1922 after a violent incident at Chauri Chaura, where protestors clashed with police, leading to casualties. Mahatma Gandhi believed that nonviolence was the essence of the movement, and he called it off to avoid further escalation of violence.

Non-Cooperation Movement in Stages

The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, unfolded in several stages, each marked by distinct activities and events. Here are the key stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement:

1. Launch and Mass Participation (1920):

The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched on August 1, 1920, during the special session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Mahatma Gandhi called for nonviolent non-cooperation with the British government as a means to resist colonial rule. The movement aimed to unite people from all sections of society in a nonviolent struggle for independence.

2. Boycott of Institutions (1920-1921):

During the initial phase, Indians were urged to boycott British institutions, including schools, colleges, and law courts. Lawyers and students withdrew from these institutions, leading to a significant impact on the British administration.

3. Surrender of Titles and Resignation from Government Posts (1920-1922):

Many Indians, especially leaders and government officials, resigned from their posts and returned their titles to the British government. This act symbolized their rejection of British authority and demonstrated their commitment to the cause of independence.

4. Boycott of Foreign Goods and Promotion of Swadeshi (1920-1922):

The Non-Cooperation Movement encouraged Indians to boycott foreign goods and promote the use of swadeshi (Indian-made) products. People began spinning their own cloth using the charkha and boycotted British-manufactured textiles, leading to a surge in the use of Indian textiles.

5. Mass Demonstrations and Protests (1920-1922):

Throughout the movement, mass demonstrations, processions, and public meetings were held across India. These gatherings became platforms for expressing discontent against British rule and demanding self-governance.

6. Suspension of Civil Disobedience (1922):

In 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement took an unfortunate turn when violent clashes occurred in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh. A mob attacked a police station, resulting in the death of several police officers. Mahatma Gandhi, who always emphasized nonviolence, was deeply disappointed by the incident. In response, he suspended the movement, believing that nonviolence was essential for its success.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a pivotal phase in India’s freedom struggle, bringing millions of people together in a nonviolent resistance against British rule. While it was suspended in 1922, its impact continued to inspire future movements, leading India closer to achieving independence in 1947.

Civil Disobedience Movement

In the Nationalism in India Class 10, a significant milestone highlighted is the Civil Disobedience Movement, characterized by the following key features:

1. Advancement from Non-Cooperation: The movement went beyond Non-Cooperation, urging people not only to abstain from cooperation but also to defy colonial laws.

2. Boycott of Foreign Cloth and Picketing of Liquor Shops: People actively boycotted foreign cloth and engaged in picketing liquor shops as acts of protest.

3. Peasants’ Refusal to Pay Revenue and Chowkidar Taxes: Peasants were encouraged to resist paying revenue and chowkidar taxes as a form of civil disobedience.

4. Refusal to Attend English Medium Schools, Colleges, Offices, and Courts: Students, village officials, and lawyers were urged not to attend English medium institutions and colonial offices and courts.

The Civil Disobedience Movement marked a bold step in the struggle for India’s independence, as people engaged in nonviolent resistance and non-cooperation with oppressive colonial laws and institutions.

Beginning of Civil Disobedience

In 1930, Gandhiji initiated the Dandi march to protest against the monopoly rights on salt manufacturing. Together with his supporters, he openly defied the salt law by making salt themselves. This marked the beginning of a civil disobedience movement, aiming to mobilize people from all backgrounds and classes to unite against the oppressive rule of the British Government. The Dandi march became a significant event among other national movements in India.

However, in the present, we observe threats to our society’s framework from negative elements seeking to divide our nation along lines of caste, creed, religion, and class. As responsible citizens, it becomes our duty to safeguard the hard-fought freedom and unity of our nation.

Participants in the Civil Disobedience Movement

The civil disobedience movement witnessed the active involvement of various social groups expressing their discontent with colonial policies. Rich peasant communities joined to combat high revenue policies, while the Indian business classes reacted against restrictive colonial regulations on their businesses. However, the poor peasant and industrial working classes did not participate in significant numbers. One notable aspect of the movement was the remarkable participation of women in picketing and protests, highlighting their crucial role in the struggle for independence.

Limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement

The impact of the civil disobedience movement was relatively limited. Dalits showed minimal participation in the movement, as they focused on seeking political empowerment through increased representation and demanded separate electorates. B.R. Ambedkar led this movement, culminating in the Poona Pact of 1932, despite opposition from Gandhi.

Muslim communities also felt somewhat disconnected from the movement, particularly after the Khilafat movement lost its significance. The apprehension of potential Hindu dominance played a significant role in the minority Muslim communities’ reluctance to respond actively to the movement.

Salt March

The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, was a significant event during India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. It was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 to oppose the British-imposed salt tax, which heavily burdened the Indian population and symbolized British economic exploitation.

The Salt March began on March 12, 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi, along with 78 volunteers, embarked on a 240-mile journey from his ashram in Sabarmati, Gujarat, to the coastal town of Dandi. The march lasted for 24 days, covering about 10 miles per day. Thousands of people joined Gandhi along the way, making it a powerful mass movement.

During the march, the participants followed strict principles of nonviolence and civil disobedience. They picked up salt along the seashore, openly defying the British salt laws, which granted the British a monopoly on salt production and taxed the production and sale of salt.

The Salt March garnered widespread attention and support from Indians across the country. It inspired people to boycott British salt and produce their own salt, marking a symbol of defiance against British authority and economic exploitation. This act of civil disobedience demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance and the unity of the Indian masses in their quest for independence.

The Salt March, along with other civil disobedience movements, put immense pressure on the British government and led to negotiations with Mahatma Gandhi. Ultimately, it played a crucial role in shaping India’s freedom struggle and strengthening the nationalist movement. The Salt March remains a remarkable example of the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance and Gandhi’s leadership in India’s journey towards independence.

Gandhi Irwin Pact

To address the escalating tensions and widespread unrest, Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin engaged in negotiations. The talks culminated in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which had the following key provisions:

Suspension of Civil Disobedience: Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement, calling off the mass protests and non-cooperation activities.
Participation in Round Table Conference: As part of the pact, the British government agreed to invite Indian representatives to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London. The conference aimed to discuss constitutional reforms and the future of India’s political structure.
Release of Political Prisoners: In return for suspending the movement, the British government agreed to release political prisoners who were arrested during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact marked a temporary truce between the Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi, and the British government. It provided an opportunity for negotiations and discussions on India’s future political setup. However, the Round Table Conferences did not lead to substantial outcomes, as there were disagreements between the Indian leaders and the British authorities.

Despite the temporary setback in achieving complete independence, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact played a crucial role in providing a platform for discussions and raising international awareness about India’s struggle for freedom. It highlighted Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence and peaceful negotiations in the pursuit of India’s independence. The pact also paved the way for future negotiations and agreements that ultimately led to India’s independence in 1947.

Development of a Sense of Collective Belonging

The development of a sense of collective belonging played a crucial role in the growth of nationalism. Various cultural processes, including the use of symbols, folklore, and Indian history, contributed to spreading ideas of nationalism. However, some aspects, such as the glorification of a Hindu past, alienated people from other communities.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQ

Q 1. What is nationalism in India explain in detail?

Nationalism in India evolved as a powerful force during the struggle for independence against British colonial rule. Factors such as historical context, socio-religious reforms, education, print media, and visionary leaders contributed to its development.

The Indian National Congress advocated for representation, while the Swadeshi Movement promoted Indian goods. Mahatma Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements. Post-independence, challenges included national consolidation and development.

India’s nationalism upholds principles of unity in diversity, promoting social and economic progress. Rooted in peace, tolerance, and global cooperation, Indian nationalism reflects a collective journey toward freedom, dignity, and a pluralistic future.

Q 2. What was the reason for nationalism in India?

Nationalism in India emerged as a response to British colonial rule, fueled by oppressive policies and economic exploitation. India’s rich cultural heritage and historical unity fostered a sense of common identity and pride.

Socio-religious reform movements, access to education, and print media further strengthened nationalist sentiments. Political organizations like the Indian National Congress provided platforms for demanding self-rule.

Influenced by global nationalist movements, India’s visionary leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose, united people in their pursuit of independence, ultimately leading to India’s liberation in 1947.

Q 3. What is the main cause of nationalism?

Nationalism stems from a shared identity and pride within a distinct community or nation. Causes include historical unity, cultural revival, oppression, and common struggles.

External domination or colonization can trigger a desire for sovereignty. Efforts to preserve cultural traditions strengthen national identity. Political representation demands and economic disparities may drive nationalist movements.

Modern media spread nationalist ideas. Defined geographical boundaries contribute to territorial identity. Visionary leaders play a key role in inspiring nationalist goals. Nationalism arises from historical, cultural, socio-economic, and political factors that strengthen a sense of shared identity and aspiration for a unified nation.

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Trigonometry Class 10 Formulas List for NCERT Maths Students

Trigonometry class 10 formulas

Learn Trigonometry class 10 formulas

Relation between different trigonometric Function

Trigonometric Sign Functions

Trigonometric Identities

Periodic Identities

Complementary Ratios

1. Quadrant I

2. Quadrant II

3. Quadrant III

4. Quadrant IV

5. Sum and Difference of Two Angles

6. Double Angle Formulas

7. Triple Angle Formulas

What are Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Tips to Memorize Trigonometry Class 10 Formulas

Applications of Trigonometry Class 10 Formulas

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q 1. How to solve trigonometry?

Q 2. How can I learn trigonometry fast?

Q 3. What is the formula for a 30 60 90 triangle?

Q 4. What angle is depression?

Q 5. What is angle of sight?

Class 10th Political Parties Notes of NCERT Civics Chapter 4

Class 10th Political Parties

The Importance of Political Parties in a Democracy

Evolution of Political Parties in India

The Role of Political Parties in Indian Democracy

Representation:

Formation of Government:

Political Stability:

Policy Formulation:

Accountability:

Participation:

Social Transformation:

Regional Representation:

Coalition Building:

Promotion of Democratic Values:

Challenges Faced by Political Parties in India

Role of Election commission of India

Summery of Class 10th Political Parties

Frequently Asked Question – FAQs: Class 10th Political Parties

Q 1. What is political party?

Q 2. Importance of Class 10th political parties chapter in students life?

Q 3. What are the main features of class 10th political parties?

Class 10 Development Notes of NCERT Economics Chapter 1

Topics Covered in the Class 10 development Notes

What Development Promises —Different People, Different Goals

Income and Other Goals

Class 10 Development Notes

National Development

How to Compare Different Countries or States?

Income and Other Criteria

Sustainability of Development

Summery of Class 10 Development Notes

Frequently Asked Question – FAQs: Class 10 Development Notes

Q 1. Importance of “Development” chapter for students?

Q 2. What are the various key factor to determine a country’s development?

Q 3. When a country will known as “Developed Country”?

Manufacturing Industries Class 10th Notes of NCERT Geo. Ch. 6

Topics Covered in the Article Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Importance of Manufacturing

Agriculture and Industry

Contribution of Industry to National Economy

Industrial Location

Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Classification of Industry

Agro Based Industries

Textile Industry:

Cotton Textiles:

Jute Textiles:

Sugar Industry:

Manufacturing industries class 10th notes

Mineral-Based Industries

Iron and Steel Industry:

Aluminium Smelting:

Chemical Industries: