Category: Class 10

Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes History Ch. 5

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 5, 2023

Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes: The NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 5 delves into the evolution of print, tracing its origins in East Asia and its subsequent expansion across Europe and India. It illuminates the far-reaching consequences of technological dissemination, elucidating how societal dynamics and cultural landscapes underwent transformation with the advent of print.

Crafted by proficient experts in the subject matter, these NCERT Class 10 History notes for Chapter 5 – Print Culture and the Modern World provide comprehensive insights. Designed to facilitate optimal preparation for board examinations, these NCERT Class 10 Social Science Notes empower students.

Encompassing fundamental principles through an engaging approach, the NCERT notes for Class 10 History Chapter 5 ensure facile comprehension and enduring retention of each subject matter.

NCERT Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes

The First Printed Books

The NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 5 delves into the evolution of print, tracing its origins in East Asia and its subsequent expansion across Europe and India.

It illuminates the far-reaching consequences of technological dissemination, elucidating how societal dynamics and cultural landscapes underwent transformation with the advent of print. Crafted by proficient experts in the subject matter, these NCERT Class 10 History notes for Chapter 5 – Print Culture and the Modern World provide comprehensive insights.

Designed to facilitate optimal preparation for board examinations, these NCERT Class 10 Social Science Notes empower students. Encompassing fundamental principles through an engaging approach, the NCERT notes for Class 10 History Chapter 5 ensure facile comprehension and enduring retention of each subject matter.

Print in Japan

The art of hand-printing technology was transmitted from China to Japan by Buddhist missionaries approximately during AD 768-770. Among the earliest Japanese printed works is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, which dates back to AD 868.

This significant piece comprises six text-filled sheets adorned with woodcut illustrations. The evolution of printing visual content gave rise to captivating publishing methodologies.

As the 19th century drew to a close, compilations of illustrative paintings showcased a refined urban culture. Meanwhile, libraries and bookstores abounded with an array of hand-printed materials, encompassing topics ranging from women to musical instruments.

Print Comes to Europe

Following his explorations in China, Marco Polo made his way back to Europe, bearing with him the valuable insight of woodblock printing. This knowledge swiftly disseminated to various corners of Europe. As time progressed, there emerged a growing appetite for books, prompting booksellers to engage in cross-border book trade. However, the manual transcription of manuscripts struggled to keep up with the burgeoning demand for reading materials.

In response, Europe turned to the utilization of woodblocks for purposes beyond books. These versatile blocks were employed to imprint designs onto textiles, craft playing cards, and create religious imagery accompanied by succinct text. Among these developments, Johann Gutenberg stands notable for pioneering the earliest recorded printing press during the 1430s.

Gutenberg and the Printing Press

Gutenberg possessed a mastery of stone polishing, which he ingeniously applied to enhance existing technology for his groundbreaking invention. The inaugural manifestation of this novel approach materialized in the form of a printed Bible.

While the integration of this innovative technology unfolded, the traditional practice of manual book production endured in certain spheres. Luxury books catered to affluent individuals retained reserved areas on the printed page, allowing space for ornate embellishments.

Across the span of a century, from 1450 to 1550, printing presses proliferated across the majority of European nations. This transition from manual to mechanical printing facilitated what is now referred to as the printing revolution, where the mechanics of production underwent a transformative shift.

The Print Revolution and Its Impact

The advent of the Print Revolution brought forth more than just an innovative method of book production; it ushered in a profound transformation in people’s lives, reshaping their connection to information, knowledge, as well as their interactions with institutions and authorities.

A New Reading Public

The print revolution significantly lowered the cost of books, leading to an inundation of markets with a wide variety of books that catered to an expanding readership. This phenomenon gave rise to an entirely new reading culture.

In times past, only the privileged elite were granted access to books, while the general populace relied on the oral recitation of sacred texts. Before the emergence of printing, books remained a costly commodity. However, the transition was not straightforward, as literacy was still a prerequisite for engaging with printed material.

Printers responded by publishing popular ballads and folk tales accompanied by illustrations, making literature accessible to those who were not literate. This process effectively translated oral traditions into print, and printed materials were in turn transmitted through oral means, bridging the gap between written and spoken culture.

Religious Debates and the Fear of Print

The emergence of print gave rise to an entirely novel realm of discourse and deliberation. Printed books, however, did not universally receive open arms, as numerous individuals harbored concerns about the potential impact of widespread book circulation on people’s thoughts.

Apprehensions existed regarding the dissemination of ideas that could challenge societal norms and religious beliefs. A notable instance in 1517 saw religious reformer Martin Luther penning his Ninety-Five Theses, wherein he critiqued various practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

The publication of his thesis in printed form contributed to a schism within the Church and marked the commencement of the Protestant Reformation.

Print and Dissent

During the 16th century, Menocchio engaged in reading the books accessible within his community. Through his reinterpretation of the Bible, he constructed a perspective on God and Creation that stirred considerable discontent within the Roman Catholic Church. Menocchio faced legal consequences, being brought to trial twice and ultimately met with execution. In the year 1558, the Roman Church initiated the practice of curating an Index of Prohibited Books.

The Reading Mania

Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, literacy rates in most regions of Europe experienced a significant rise. The proliferation of schools and literacy initiatives across European nations led to an increased demand for book production. Simultaneously, diverse forms of reading, often centered around entertainment, started to reach the general populace. The landscape of books encompassed a wide spectrum of sizes, catering to various purposes and interests.

As the early 18th century unfolded, the periodical press emerged, seamlessly blending current affairs with entertainment. Journals and newspapers became conduits for information pertaining to warfare, trade, and advancements in distant locales. Notably, the scientific realm saw publication of Isaac Newton’s groundbreaking discoveries, exerting a profound influence on readers with a scientific inclination.

Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’

By the mid-eighteenth century, books had come to be regarded as agents of disseminating advancement and enlightenment. In the words of Louise-Sébastien Mercier, an eighteenth-century French novelist, the printing press emerged as a potent instrument for progress, with the force of public opinion poised to eradicate despotism. Holding an unwavering belief in the influential role of print in fostering enlightenment and dismantling the foundations of autocracy, Mercier boldly declared: “Hence, rulers of the world, quiver in apprehension! Bow before the intangible author!”

Print Culture and the French Revolution

Historians postulated that the print culture laid the groundwork for the onset of the French Revolution. These assertions revolved around three distinct lines of reasoning:

1. Print propagated the doctrines of Enlightenment philosophers. Their written works offered a critical perspective on established norms, superstitions, and autocracy. The extensive readership of figures like Voltaire and Rousseau prompted individuals to view the world with a fresh lens, one characterized by skepticism, critique, and reason.

2. Print engendered a novel ethos of discourse and deliberation. Within this burgeoning public sphere, novel concepts of societal upheaval took root and flourished.

3. By the 1780s, a profusion of literature emerged that satirized monarchy and scrutinized the ethical conduct of royalty.

Print served as a conduit for disseminating ideas, inviting people to assimilate, reject, or interpret concepts on their terms. While print did not directly mold their minds, it did pave the way for the potential of adopting alternative modes of thought.

The Nineteenth Century

During the 19th century, a substantial influx of new readers, encompassing children, women, and laborers, augmented the ranks of the literate population in Europe.

Children, Women and Workers

Starting in the latter part of the 19th century, primary education became obligatory. By 1857, France established a children’s press focused on literature for young readers. The Grimm Brothers undertook the collection of traditional folk tales in Germany, giving these rural narratives a fresh presentation.

Women assumed significant roles both as readers and writers, leading to the publication of magazines exclusively tailored for them, along with instructional manuals on propriety and household management. Over the course of the 19th century, lending libraries in England evolved into vehicles for educating white-collar employees, artisans, and individuals from the lower-middle class.

Further Innovations

By the close of the 18th century, the transition to metal transformed the composition of the press. Subsequent to this, the field of printing technology underwent a sequence of innovations throughout the 19th century. In this era, Richard M. perfected a power-driven cylindrical press, tailored notably for newspaper printing. The offset technique was also pioneered, enabling the simultaneous printing of six distinct colors. Advancing into the 20th century, the introduction of electrically operated presses significantly hastened the printing process, followed by a subsequent array of developments.

Enhancements were achieved in paper-feeding methods.
Plate quality witnessed improvement.
Innovations encompassed automatic paper reels and the incorporation of photoelectric controls to regulate color alignment.

India and the World of Print

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

India boasts a wealth of ancient traditions rooted in handwritten manuscripts, encompassing Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and numerous vernacular languages. These manuscripts were meticulously replicated onto palm leaves or crafted from handmade paper.

This practice of manuscript production persisted even after the advent of printing. However, it remained a costly and delicate endeavor. Notably, in Bengal, the focus of education was primarily on penmanship, resulting in many individuals attaining literacy without engaging in substantial reading of textual material.

Print Comes to India

During the mid-sixteenth century, the initial printing press arrived in Goa through the efforts of Portuguese missionaries. It was in 1579 that Catholic priests produced the first Tamil book in Cochin, and subsequently, in 1713, they accomplished the printing of the first Malayalam book.

The establishment of the English press in India transpired relatively later, despite the English East India Company importing presses toward the latter part of the seventeenth century.

An influential weekly publication titled the Bengal Gazette was overseen by James Augustus Hickey, who not only featured advertisements but also disseminated a substantial amount of gossip concerning senior officials of the East India Company in India. As the eighteenth century drew to a close, a multitude of newspapers and journals emerged in printed form.

Religious Reform and Public Debates

In the early nineteenth century, religious matters escalated in intensity. People began to scrutinize prevailing practices, advocating for reform, while opposing voices countered the arguments of these reformers. Printed tracts and newspapers played a pivotal role in disseminating novel ideas and shaping the discourse’s character. This era witnessed the emergence of fresh concepts and the ignition of fervent debates between social and religious reformers and the established Hindu orthodoxy. Topics such as widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry fueled intense controversies.

In 1821, Rammohun Roy introduced the publication Sambad Kaumudi, while the subsequent year saw the debut of two Persian newspapers, Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. Simultaneously, a Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, made its debut. The establishment of the Deoband Seminary in 1867 marked a significant development, leading to the publication of numerous fatwas guiding Muslim readers in their daily lives and elucidating Islamic doctrines.

Print media notably stimulated the reading of religious texts, particularly among Hindus in vernacular languages. This accessibility facilitated the broad dissemination of religious texts, sparking discussions, debates, and inter-religious controversies. The proliferation of newspapers facilitated the transmission of news across geographical distances, contributing to the cultivation of pan-Indian identities.

New Forms of Publication

As an increasing number of individuals developed an interest in reading, a wave of novel writing emerged, introducing new literary dimensions. In Europe, the literary form known as the novel underwent refinement, adapting Indian styles and themes to resonate with the evolving tastes of the readership. This period saw the integration of diverse literary structures into the reading landscape, including lyrics, short stories, and essays addressing social and political subjects.

The late nineteenth century marked the rise of a novel visual culture. Economical calendars, accessible in bazaars, became accessible even to the economically disadvantaged, adorning the walls of homes and workplaces. These prints played a significant role in shaping prevailing notions of modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and the broader realms of society and culture. By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons began to grace the pages of journals and newspapers, offering commentary on pertinent social and political matters.

Women and Print

The engagement of women in reading experienced a substantial upswing within middle-class households. Urban centers saw the establishment of schools specifically catering to women’s education. Journals also took part in this shift, showcasing literary works by women and advocating for the importance of female education. Nonetheless, conservative factions within Hindu society harbored concerns that an educated girl might face widowhood, while Muslims feared that knowledge might lead to corruption through the consumption of Urdu romances.

The intersection of social reform and novels kindled significant interest in women’s experiences and sentiments. The dawn of the twentieth century witnessed the burgeoning popularity of journals penned and overseen by women. In Bengal, an entire section of central Calcutta, known as the Battala, emerged as a hub for the production of popular books. By the late nineteenth century, many of these books were richly adorned with woodcuts and vibrant lithographs. These publications were delivered by peddlers to homes, providing women the opportunity to read them during their leisure hours.

Print and the Poor People

In marketplaces, affordable books found eager buyers. Public libraries emerged predominantly within urban centers, towns, and cities. Towards the end of the 19th century, caste-based discrimination began surfacing within numerous printed tracts and essays. The lack of education among factory workers constrained their ability to extensively document their experiences. In 1938, Kashibaba authored and published “Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal 1938,” illuminating the interconnectedness of caste and class exploitation. During the 1930s, cotton mill workers in Bangalore established libraries as a means to self-educate.

Print and Censorship

Censorship remained a distant concern during the East India Company’s rule. However, certain regulations to control press freedom were introduced by the Calcutta Supreme Court, and in 1835, Governor-General Bentinck consented to revising press laws. New guidelines, crafted by Thomas Macaulay, reinstated previous freedoms. However, the landscape of press freedom underwent a transformation following the events of the 1857 revolt.

In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act, influenced by Irish Press Laws, was enacted, granting the government significant authority to censor content in vernacular newspapers, including reports and editorials. Vigilance over vernacular newspapers became a governmental priority. Simultaneously, nationalist newspapers proliferated across India. In 1907, Punjab revolutionaries were exiled, prompting Bal Gangadhar Tilak to express deep sympathy for them in his publication “Kesari,” a stance that ultimately led to his imprisonment in 1908.

Q 1: What is the importance of print culture in modern world?

The emergence of print culture set the stage for the unfolding of the French Revolution. The dissemination of print materials played a crucial role in popularizing the concepts put forth by Enlightenment thinkers. This widespread distribution encouraged an engaged and critical public to re-evaluate and debate established values, norms, and institutions. As a result, an inquisitive and rational discourse gave rise to novel notions of social revolution.

Q 2: Who introduced the first printing press in India?

Portuguese missionaries brought the first printing press to Goa in the mid-sixteenth century.

Q 3: How did print culture affect religion and society?

Print culture contributed to the spread of religious ideas and reform movements. It enabled the dissemination of religious texts, debates, and discussions that influenced social and cultural dynamics.

Q 4: How did print culture contribute to the spread of education?

Print culture led to the availability of textbooks, literary works, and educational materials, promoting literacy and learning among different sections of society.

Q 5: What role did newspapers play in print culture?

Newspapers became a powerful medium for conveying news, opinions, and ideas. They facilitated the exchange of information across regions and fostered public awareness.

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: NCERT History Ch. 4

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 5, 2023

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: Chapter 4 of CBSE Class 10 delves into the historical narrative of two pivotal entities. It initiates with the chronicles of Britain, the pioneering industrial nation, followed by an exploration of India, where the trajectory of industrial transformation was profoundly influenced by colonial dominion.

The chapter commences by elucidating the pre-Industrial Revolution landscape and its gradual metamorphosis, encompassing aspects like labor dynamics and the establishment of factories.

Within the chapter, various themes are expounded upon, including the industrialization of colonies, the trajectory of industrial growth, the emergence of consumer markets, and the intricate tapestry of workers’ lives.

This article presents a compilation of comprehensive CBSE Class 10 History notes specifically addressing Chapter 4 – The Age of Industrialization. These notes encompass all indispensable concepts discussed within the chapter, catering to the holistic understanding of students. For the convenience of learners, these notes are also accessible for download in PDF format.

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: NCERT History Chapter 4

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: NCERT History Ch. 4

Before the Industrial Revolution

Proto-industrialization denotes a precursor phase predating the establishment of factories in both England and Europe. During this era, extensive industrial production occurred on a large scale for the global market, operating independently of factory-based systems.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European merchants migrated to rural areas, infusing capital into the hands of peasants and skilled craftsmen, urging them to create goods for the international market.

The expansion of production within urban centers was curtailed by regulations that bestowed exclusive production and trade rights upon distinct guilds, limiting merchants’ growth potential.

In the rural expanse, impoverished peasants and artisans readily embraced this arrangement, enabling them to sustain their rural livelihoods and tend to their modest plots of land. Consequently, the Proto-industrial framework seamlessly integrated into a web of commercial interactions orchestrated by merchants at the helm.

The Coming Up of the Factory

During the 1730s, the initial establishments of factories emerged in England; however, it was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century that their proliferation took place. The emergence of a substantial number of factories occurred during this period. A transformative emblem of this era was cotton, which experienced a remarkable surge in production during the late nineteenth century.

Richard Arkwright played a pivotal role in this industrial shift by introducing the concept of the cotton mill. These mills encompassed a synthesis of expensive machinery and harmonized multiple processes within a single premises, all managed under a unified framework.

The Pace of Industrial Change

Firstly, in Britain, the most vibrant sectors during the initial phase of industrialization were textiles, particularly cotton, and the metallurgical domain. The ascendancy of cotton prevailed in the first stage of industrialization, extending until the 1840s, succeeded by the rise of the iron and steel industry.

Secondly, the advent of novel industries encountered challenges when attempting to supplant well-established traditional counterparts.

Thirdly, the momentum of transformation within the conventional industries wasn’t solely dictated by the steam-powered cotton or metal sectors. While these traditional industries didn’t remain entirely stagnant, their evolution was not solely driven by the rapid progress of the steam-powered sectors.

Fourthly, technological advancements manifested at a deliberate pace. Notably, James Watt enhanced the Newcomen steam engine, securing a patent for his improved design in 1781. His associate, the industrialist Mathew Boulton, assumed the role of manufacturing the innovative model. However, the integration of steam engines into other industries transpired much later in the century.

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes:

Hand Labour and Steam Power

Human labor was abundant during the Victorian era in Britain. The scarcity of labor or elevated wage expenses wasn’t a concern for industrialists. Contrary to a deficiency of machinery, what industrialists truly necessitated was substantial capital investment. Numerous industries exhibited a seasonal pattern in their demand for labor. In these sectors characterized by fluctuating production tied to specific seasons, manual labor remained the preferred choice for industrialists, who engaged workers for the corresponding period.

Life of the Workers

The prevalence of an abundant labor pool in the market significantly influenced the lives of workers. Securing employment required workers to possess pre-existing networks of friendship and family ties within a factory. Until the mid-nineteenth century, job prospects for workers were notably challenging to come by. However, in the early nineteenth century, there was an augmentation of wages.

The apprehension of unemployment fostered a sense of resistance among workers towards the implementation of novel technologies. One such instance was the introduction of the Spinning Jenny in the woollen industry. Following the 1840s, urban areas witnessed heightened construction activity, thereby creating more extensive avenues for employment.

This period saw the expansion of roads, the establishment of new railway stations, extensions of railway lines, the excavation of tunnels, the implementation of drainage and sewer systems, and the construction of embankments along rivers.

Industrialisation in the Colonies

The Age of Indian Textiles

In the pre-era of mechanical industries, the global textile market was primarily led by silk and cotton goods in India. A diverse array of Indian merchants and financiers played integral roles within this intricate export trade network, which encompassed activities such as financing production, transportation of goods, and provisioning for exporters.

However, the ascendancy of this network, overseen by Indian merchants, commenced waning by the 1750s. During this time, European companies began asserting dominance, initially acquiring a range of concessions from local courts and eventually securing exclusive trading rights.

The transition from established ports to newly established ones symbolized the burgeoning influence of colonial powers. European trading companies orchestrated trade operations through these new ports, facilitated by European vessels. Consequently, several longstanding trading enterprises faced decline, compelling those wishing to endure to function within a framework shaped by the operations of European trading entities.

What Happened to Weavers?

Post the 1760s, the consolidation of the East India Company initially did not result in a decline of textile exports originating from India. Prior to establishing political dominance in Bengal and Carnatic during the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company grappled with ensuring a consistent supply of exportable goods. However, upon solidifying political control, the East India Company engineered a comprehensive management and regulatory framework aimed at eradicating competition, managing costs, and ensuring steady provisioning of cotton and silk products. This systematic approach was implemented through a sequence of measures.

Firstly, existing intermediaries and brokers associated with the textile trade were systematically phased out, allowing for more direct oversight over the weavers.

Secondly, the Company imposed restrictions on its own weavers, barring them from engaging with other potential buyers.

Additionally, weavers were offered loans for the purchase of raw materials upon order placement. The resulting cloth was handed over to a “gomastha,” acting as an intermediary. Weaving involved the collective effort of entire families, with men, women, and children contributing to distinct stages of the process. Previously, merchants maintaining close ties with weavers played a pivotal role. However, the new “gomasthas” were outsiders without any social connection to the village.

In several regions of Carnatic and Bengal, weavers established looms in villages where familial ties existed. Conversely, in other locales, weavers, together with village traders, initiated revolts, protesting against the East India Company and its officials. Over time, many weavers began declining loans, leading to the cessation of their workshops and a transition to agricultural labor. By the onset of the nineteenth century, cotton weavers encountered an array of fresh challenges.

Manchester Comes to India

In 1772, Henry Patullo asserted that the demand for Indian textiles would remain steadfast, given that no other nation matched the caliber of its goods. Regrettably, by the early nineteenth century, India experienced a decline in its textile exports. During this period, the export of British cotton goods to India underwent a remarkable surge. Towards the close of the eighteenth century, the import of cotton piece goods became constrained within India. Within the Indian context, cotton weavers confronted dual challenges:

1. The collapse of their export market.
2. A contraction and saturation of the local market due to inflows of imports from Manchester.

As the 1860s dawned, weavers encountered yet another predicament – an insufficient supply of good-quality raw cotton. Paradoxically, despite an escalation in raw cotton exports from India, prices soared. By the conclusion of the nineteenth century, a fresh predicament emerged for other artisans as well. The advent of Indian factories led to an inundation of the market with machine-produced goods.

Factories Come Up

In 1854, the inaugural cotton mill was established in Bombay, commencing production after a span of two years. Subsequently, by 1862, an additional four mills were established, coinciding with the emergence of jute mills in Bengal.

The inception of the first jute mill dates back to 1855, with another establishment emerging seven years later in 1862. Concurrently, during the 1860s, the Elgin Mill initiated operations in Kanpur, situated in northern India, while the subsequent year marked the establishment of the foremost cotton mill in Ahmedabad.

The timeline progressed, culminating in 1874, when Madras welcomed the commencement of production in its premier spinning and weaving mill.

The Early Entrepreneurs

The origins of commerce trace back to the late eighteenth century, marked by British exports of opium to China and the transportation of tea from China to England. Certain enterprising individuals participating in these trade activities harbored ambitions of nurturing industrial endeavors within India.

In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore amassed wealth through China-related trade, while in Bombay, Parsi figures like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata erected substantial industrial dynasties across the Indian landscape. The enterprising Marwari entrepreneur Seth Hukumchand pioneered India’s inaugural jute mill in Calcutta during 1917, marking a pivotal moment in industrial history.

This landscape of opportunity in the industrial realm unfolded alongside a colonial backdrop, wherein Indians were precluded from direct trade in European-manufactured goods.

Consequently, their exports predominantly comprised raw materials and agricultural staples – encompassing raw cotton, opium, wheat, and indigo – items in demand by the British. Among the influential European Managing Agencies were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These entities mobilized capital, facilitated the establishment of joint-stock companies, and undertook their management, thereby shaping the economic landscape.

Where Did the Workers Come From?

With the burgeoning expansion of factories, the need for a larger workforce surged. Many laborers originated from nearby districts, driven by the pursuit of employment opportunities. In fact, a notable instance from 1911 reveals that over half of the workforce in Bombay’s cotton industries hailed from the neighboring Ratnagiri district.

Similarly, the mills in Kanpur predominantly sourced their textile labor from the surrounding villages within the Kanpur district. The prospect of employment acted as a powerful magnet, compelling workers to undertake significant journeys in the aspiration of securing positions within the mills.

Despite the escalating demand for labor, job acquisition remained a formidable challenge. The number of job-seekers consistently exceeded the available positions. To navigate this scenario, a substantial portion of industrialists enlisted the assistance of a “jobber,” who often hailed from the same village.

These jobbers were entrusted with the task of recruiting new workers. Industrialists supported these jobbers in establishing themselves and provided them with financial aid when necessary.

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth

The European Managing Agencies exhibited a keen interest in specific commodities like tea and coffee. They established plantations for these beverages and invested in mining, indigo, and jute. However, these products were primarily earmarked for exports. As the late nineteenth century unfolded, Indian entrepreneurs initiated the establishment of industries. The yarn manufactured in Indian spinning mills found utilization among domestic handloom weavers or was exported to China.

The trajectory of industrialization was marked by a series of transformative shifts. The Swadeshi movement, garnering significant support, led nationalists to boycott foreign textiles. Beginning in 1906, Indian yarn exports to China underwent a decline due to the influx of products from Chinese and Japanese mills inundating the Chinese market. Until the conclusion of the First World War, the pace of industrial growth remained sluggish.

The war’s arrival precipitated a complete upheaval, profoundly altering the landscape. Indian mills seized the opportunity, catering to wartime demands by supplying essential items like jute bags, cloth for military uniforms, tents, leather boots, and an array of other requisites such as horse and mule saddles. Industrial production surged dramatically during this period. In the aftermath of the war, Manchester struggled to regain its former prominence within the Indian market as the industrial boom continued to shape the landscape.

Small-Scale Industries Predominate

Throughout the rest of the country, small-scale industries remained dominant. A minor fraction of the entire industrial workforce was employed within registered factories, while the majority engaged in small workshops and domestic units.

Handicraft production experienced growth during the twentieth century, especially within the realm of handloom cloth production. This expansion was facilitated by the adoption of new technologies, allowing for increased production without causing an undue escalation in costs.

Certain segments of weavers were better positioned than others to navigate competition from mill industries. Some specialized in crafting coarse cloth, while others focused on weaving finer variants. It’s worth noting that those weavers and artisans who persisted in expanding their production during the twentieth century didn’t necessarily thrive.

Their toil extended over long hours, involving the labor of women and children as well. Despite these challenges, they weren’t mere vestiges of a bygone era in the age of factories. On the contrary, their livelihoods and contributions were intrinsic to the very process of industrialization.

Market for Goods

Advertisements serve as influential tools in fostering the allure and perceived necessity of newly introduced products. Their role extends to shaping perceptions, instilling desires, and kindling fresh needs within people.

The contemporary landscape is saturated with advertisements that span various mediums – newspapers, magazines, billboards, urban walls, and television screens. This practice of advertising has been integral since the inception of the industrial era, contributing to the expansion of product markets and the cultivation of a novel consumer ethos.

Pioneering industrialists in Manchester introduced labels affixed to cloth bundles, delineating their quality. The sight of a conspicuous ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ inscription on these labels aimed to instill buyer confidence in purchasing the fabric. Several labels incorporated intricate images, showcasing artistic craftsmanship.

Intriguingly, these labels featured depictions of Indian deities, thereby forging a connection with cultural symbolism. Manufacturers introduced printed calendars as a means to popularize their merchandise, adorning them with divine figures to enhance product appeal. Over time, the realm of advertising evolved to serve as a conduit for the Swadeshi movement’s nationalist narrative.

Conclusion

The era of industrialization has ushered in significant technological advancements, the proliferation of factories, and the formation of a distinct industrial workforce. Amidst this transformation, traditional craftsmanship and small-scale production have retained their significance within the industrial milieu.

Frequently Asked Questions on The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes

Q 1: What were the main points of the age of industrialisation?

The onset of modernization was initiated by the era of industrialization in Europe. Rapid establishment of factories facilitated extensive production of goods, culminating in global trade networks. The impetus for this transformation was further amplified by novel inventions and technological innovations. Concurrently, European powers extended their colonial domains, thereby extending the reach of modernization to these territories.

Q 2: What is the importance of industrialisation Class 10?

Industrialization plays a pivotal role in eliminating unemployment and poverty. The establishment of numerous factories within a region generates a substantial demand for a workforce. Moreover, industries contribute to the growth and evolution of urban centers. The ripple effects of industrialization extend to fostering economic advancement and the overall development of a nation.

Q 3: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Industrialisation?

Advantages of industrialization include increased economic growth, job opportunities, technological advancements, improved infrastructure, and enhanced productivity. It leads to higher standards of living and innovation.

However, industrialization can also contribute to environmental degradation, resource depletion, income inequality, and health risks due to pollution and hazardous working conditions. The rapid pace of change may lead to social disruption and cultural shifts, while overreliance on certain industries can make economies vulnerable to market fluctuations.

Striking a balance between progress and sustainability becomes crucial in managing the potential drawbacks of industrialization.

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: History Class 10 Ch. 1

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 4, 2023

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Chapter 1 of the CBSE Class 10 History course delves into a multitude of subjects envisioned by Sorrieu. It extensively examines the multifaceted processes that led to the emergence of nation-states and nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe. The contents of this chapter encompass pivotal themes such as the Emergence of Nationalism in Europe. Also, the French Revolution, and the Interplay of Nationalism and Imperialism.

Our team of proficient subject matter experts has meticulously crafted Class 10 CBSE History Notes for Chapter 1. Immersing oneself in these comprehensive notes equips students with a firm grasp and a lucid understanding of all the fundamental concepts. These educational materials serve as an invaluable asset for students, aiding them in comprehending the chapter with enhanced clarity. When preparing for board exams, these CBSE Class 10 History Notes for Chapter 1 stand out as the ultimate revision companion, facilitating a more effective and insightful review process.

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: NCERT History Class 10 Chapter 1

Notes on The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

NCERT Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Frédéric Sorrieu Vision of the World

In the year 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, conceived a captivating series of four prints that vividly portrayed his vision of a global landscape comprised entirely of democratic and Social Republics.

In the initial print, an extended procession of individuals from Europe and America can be observed. As they pass by, they pay their respects to the Statue of Liberty. A female figure, bearing the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other, leads the way. In the foreground, the earth is adorned with the remnants of shattered symbols representing absolutist institutions.

Within Sorrieu’s utopian depiction, the world’s inhabitants are organized into distinct nations, each characterized by their unique flags and national attire. The procession commences with the United States and Switzerland at the forefront, followed by France and Germany. Behind them follow the people of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia.

From the celestial expanse above, the gaze of Christ, saints, and angels descends upon the scene. These divine figures are ingeniously employed by the artist to symbolize the profound fraternity that binds the nations of the world.

Throughout the nineteenth century, the surge of nationalism emerged as a potent force that ushered in significant transformations within Europe’s political and intellectual spheres. The cumulative outcome of these transformative shifts culminated in the establishment of the nation-state as a prevailing entity.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

In the year 1789, the emergence of Nationalism coincided with the onset of the French Revolution. The sweeping political and constitutional transformations of this period facilitated the shift of supreme authority from the monarchy to a collective body of French citizens. This epoch witnessed the implementation of various initiatives and principles, including the notions of “la patrie” (the fatherland) and “le citoyen” (the citizen). To symbolize these changes, a fresh emblematic flag, known as the tricolour, was selected to replace its predecessor.

However, the ascendancy of democracy in France was subsequently disrupted by Napoleon. The enactment of the Napoleonic Code in 1804, often referred to as the Civil Code, brought about the abolishment of inherited privileges. This monumental legal framework established parity under the law and enshrined the right to possess property as an inviolable entitlement.

Notes on The Making of Nationalism in Europe

Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were fragmented into an array of kingdoms, duchies, and cantons, each presided over by autonomous rulers.

The Aristocracy and the Emergence of the New Middle Class

Politically and socially, the Aristocracy asserted its supremacy across the continent, while the peasantry constituted the predominant demographic. The advent of industrialization commenced in England during the latter half of the 18th century, giving rise to novel societal segments: a laboring working-class faction and a burgeoning middle class encompassing industrialists, entrepreneurs, and professionals.

Principles Underpinning Liberal Nationalism

The term ‘liberalism’ draws its origins from the Latin root “liber,” signifying freedom. Exclusive entitlement to vote and hold elected positions was conferred upon men who possessed property. Individuals devoid of property rights and all women were precluded from political enfranchisement.
In 1834, Prussia spearheaded the establishment of a customs union, the Zollverein, which garnered participation from a majority of German states. This union effectively dismantled tariff barriers and streamlined currencies, reducing their diversity from an excess of thirty to a mere two.

A New Conservatism after 1815

By the year 1815, a prevailing sense of conservatism permeated European governance. Those adhering to conservative ideologies championed the principles of monarchy, ecclesiastical institutions, societal hierarchies, and the sacrosanctity of property. Additionally, they emphasized the preservation of the family unit.

The infusion of contemporary elements such as a modernized military, an efficient administrative machinery, a vibrant economy, and the eradication of feudalistic systems and serfdom was believed to fortify the autocratic monarchies entrenched across Europe.

In that same year, delegates from key European powers – namely, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria – convened in Vienna to formulate a comprehensive settlement for the continent. This gathering resulted in the reinstatement of the Bourbon dynasty to power, accompanied by the reversal of territorial acquisitions made by France during Napoleon’s rule.

However, dissenting voices emerged from the ranks of liberal nationalists who voiced criticism against the burgeoning conservative paradigm. Their focal point of contention lay primarily in advocating for the freedom of the press, a matter of paramount importance to them.

The Revolutionaries

During the year 1815, covert organizations sprang up across numerous European nations with the purpose of training revolutionaries and disseminating their ideologies. These revolutionaries staunchly opposed monarchical structures and fervently championed the causes of liberty and freedom.

Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807, played a pivotal role in this movement. He was instrumental in establishing two clandestine societies. The first of these was Young Italy, formed in Marseilles. Subsequently, Mazzini founded Young Europe in Berne, an organization that attracted like-minded young individuals hailing from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states.

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

During the month of July in the year 1830, liberal revolutionaries successfully toppled the Bourbon Kings, instating a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its figurehead. This event, known as the July Revolution, triggered a revolt in Brussels that culminated in Belgium’s secession from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In a separate struggle, occurring in the year 1821, Greeks fervently fought for their own independence.

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

Culture assumed a significant role in the formulation of the concept of the nation, with artistic expressions such as visual art, poetry, narratives, and music serving as vehicles to convey and mold nationalist emotions.

The epoch of Romanticism marked a cultural movement that aimed to cultivate a distinct brand of nationalist sentiment. Additionally, language held a crucial position in nurturing these sentiments.

The imposition of the Russian language was pervasive, and this linguistic influence had a profound impact. In 1831, a resolute armed uprising was launched against Russian dominion, although it was ultimately quelled.

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

During the 1830s, Europe encountered significant economic challenges. The initial decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a substantial population surge across the continent. Escalating food costs and occasional crop failures resulted in widespread destitution both in urban centers and rural areas. The year 1848, marked by food scarcity and extensive joblessness, prompted the populace of Paris to take to the streets.

The Revolution of the Liberals

During the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was in progress. Individuals from the liberal middle class, both men and women, fervently advocated for the establishment of a nation-state founded on parliamentary principles. These principles encompassed the formulation of a constitution, safeguarding the freedom of the press, and upholding the right to association.

A convergence of numerous political associations occurred in Frankfurt, where a collective decision was made to convene an all-German National Assembly. On the 18th of May in 1848, a cohort of 831 duly elected representatives marched in unison to the Church of St. Paul, where the Frankfurt parliament was convened.

The framework of the drafted German Constitution outlined a system with a monarchy placed under the authority of a parliamentary body. The Crown was proffered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia. However, he declined the offer and instead allied with other monarchs to resist the elected assembly. The parliamentary landscape was largely influenced by the Middle Class, with a notable participation of women in the liberal movement.

Remarkably, women formed their own political associations, initiated newspapers, and actively engaged in political gatherings and demonstrations. Nonetheless, during the Assembly’s elections, suffrage rights remained elusive for women.

In the years succeeding 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce reforms akin to those that had already been implemented in Western Europe prior to 1815. This resulted in the abolition of serfdom and bonded labor across the Habsburg dominions as well as within the realm of Russia.

The Making of Germany and Italy – Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Germany – Can the Army Be the Architect of a Nation?

After 1848, the course of Nationalism in Europe shifted, eventually culminating in the unification of Germany and Italy into distinct nation-states. The mantle of leadership for the drive toward national cohesion was assumed by Prussia. Guiding this transformative process was Otto von Bismarck, Prussia’s chief minister, who orchestrated the endeavor in collaboration with the Prussian army and administrative apparatus.

In January of 1871, William I, the King of Prussia, ascended to the position of German Emperor, a proclamation that marked a pivotal moment. An assembly convened to formally declare the inception of the new German Empire. Throughout this nation-building journey, the influence of Prussian state power was unmistakable, underscoring its prominence.

This evolution also encompassed a modernization of various facets of German society. Elements such as currency, banking, legal structures, and judicial systems underwent substantial modernization to align with the changing landscape of the newly formed German Empire.

Italy Unified

During the mid-nineteenth century, Italy found itself fragmented into seven distinct states, each governed by its own princely house. Out of these seven states, Sardinia-Piedmont was notable for being ruled by an Italian princely family. This era witnessed diverse regions under the sway of various kings. It was during the 1830s that Giuseppe Mazzini initiated the formation of a clandestine group known as Young Italy.

Guided by Chief Minister Cavour, the movement gained momentum. In the year 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont achieved a significant victory over Austrian forces. Subsequently, in 1860, their forces advanced into Southern Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, securing the allegiance of local peasants. This endeavor culminated in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel II as the unified Italy’s king in the year 1861.

The Strange Case of Britain

Before the eighteenth century, Great Britain did not constitute a distinct national entity; it instead served as a model for the very concept of a nation. Its ascent to power was paralleled by a steady accumulation of wealth, significance, and influence.

The Act of Union in 1707 marked a significant juncture, amalgamating England and Scotland into the entity known as the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. This amalgamation essentially enabled England to extend its influence over Scotland. Subsequently, in 1801, Ireland was compelled into becoming part of the United Kingdom through forceful means. Emblematic elements of the emerging Britain, such as the Union Jack flag, the national anthem ‘God Save Our Noble King,’ and the English language itself, were proactively promoted as symbols of this newly coalesced entity.

Visualising the Nation

Throughout the span of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artists often symbolized a nation by embodying it as an individual and personifying nations through the depiction of female figures. Amid the tumultuous backdrop of the French Revolution, these artistic renditions featured feminine personifications representing profound concepts like Liberty, Justice, and the Republic. Liberty, in particular, materialized through symbols such as the iconic red cap or the evocative image of a broken chain. Meanwhile, the concept of justice was symbolized by a blindfolded woman holding a pair of weighing scales.

Nationalism and Imperialism

The persistence of Nationalism dwindled in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Following 1871, a particularly strained region emerged, known as the Balkans, encompassing present-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.

The Balkans, became an incendiary hotspot, witnessing a continuous cycle of modernization and internal reforms throughout the nineteenth century. Owing to a multitude of conflicts, this region transformed into a cauldron of intense turmoil.

During this period, a fierce competition took root among European powers, revolving around trade, colonial pursuits, and the augmentation of naval and military prowess. This escalating rivalry sparked a series of conflicts within the Balkans, ultimately culminating in the eruption of the First World War.

By 1914, the confluence of Nationalism and imperialism in Europe had brought about a catastrophic scenario. Despite the emergence of anti-imperial movements, the realization of independent nation-states remained a challenging endeavor. Nonetheless, the concept of ‘nation-states’ had become ingrained as an inherent and universal notion.

Read Also:

Frequently Asked Questions on Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

What are the important points from nationalism in Europe?

Napoleon dismantled the democratic foundations of France, leading to its decline.

The year 1804 witnessed the implementation of the Civil Code, commonly known as the Napoleonic Code, which introduced several defining aspects:

Elimination of birth rights and privileges.
Introduction of equality in the eyes of the law.
Assurance of the right to property.
Abolition of guild restrictions.

What is a short summary of nationalism in Europe?

Nationalism served as an ideology harnessed to rally and coalesce populations. In forging a cohesive state wherein citizens of a nation collectively embraced a common cultural and linguistic heritage. Various European countries embraced this ideology as a means to pursue their autonomy and break free from the dominion of the German and Russian Empires.

What are three examples to show the contribution of nationalism in Europe?

Three instances that exemplify how Culture fostered the development of Nationalism in Europe include the evolution of languages, the influence of romanticism, and the impact of folk songs, poetry, and dances. Culture assumed a pivotal role in shaping the conception of the nation. Artistic expressions such as music, narratives, visual art, and poetry played a vital role in molding and articulating nationalist sentiments.

What are causes of nationalism?

Shared ethnicity stands as a potent cornerstone around which individuals unite to form nations. Frequently, it serves as the impetus propelling nationalism, owing to the inherent closeness and kinship among people. Which surpasses their connections with those outside their ethnic group.

Who is the nationalist of India?

Visionaries such as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Mohandas Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad, and Badshah Khan united generations of Indians from diverse regions and backgrounds, constituting a robust leadership foundation that guided the nation’s political trajectory.

The Making of A Global World Notes: NCERT Hist. Class 10 Ch. 3

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 4, 2023

The Making of A Global World Notes: Globalization refers to the process of integrating markets within the global economy, resulting in heightened interdependence among national economies. Gaining insight into the historical evolution of globalization enables students to grasp the underlying factors that precipitated such transformative social and economic shifts. A pivotal epoch in the annals of globalization was the 19th-century Industrial Revolution.

Expounding on this, Chapter 3 of history, titled “The Making of a Global World,” delves into the reverberations of globalization on a global scale, including its ramifications for the Indian economy. These educational notes, tailored for CBSE Class 10 students, offer a concise overview of the entire spectrum of concepts. By consulting these meticulously crafted notes, students can effortlessly recapitulate all pivotal subjects within the chapter, streamlining their revision process.

The Making of A Global World Notes

The Pre-Modern World

Globalization alludes to an economic framework that has surfaced within approximately the past five decades. However, the construction of the worldwide interconnected society boasts an extensive lineage encompassing trade, migration, labor pursuit, capital mobility, and myriad other facets.

Since ancient eras, wanderers, merchants, religious figures, and pilgrims embarked on extensive journeys, driven by the pursuit of knowledge, prospects, spiritual contentment, or the need to evade oppression. As far back as 3000 BCE, a vibrant coastal trade wove connections between the civilizations of the Indus Valley and contemporary West Asia.

Silk Routes Link the World

The Silk Roads stand as a compelling illustration of robust pre-modern trade and the cultural bonds that transcended great geographical spans. Historians have discerned numerous Silk Roads, both overland and maritime, intricately weaving together extensive domains across Asia while forging connections between Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. Within this intricate web, India traded textiles and spices, eliciting a reciprocal flow of precious metals – gold and silver – from Europe to Asia.

Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato

Cuisine provides numerous instances of cultural interchange spanning great distances. Traders and explorers ushered in novel crops, with prepared foods like noodles journeying from China to the West, evolving into spaghetti. Ancestrally, staple foods like potatoes, soybeans, peanuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, and sweet potatoes were unfamiliar just half a millennium ago. Many staples we now take for granted were originally cultivated by the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the American Indians.

Conquest, Disease and Trade

For countless preceding centuries, the Indian Ocean had been a hub of vibrant trade, facilitating the exchange of goods, people, knowledge, and customs across its expanse. The arrival of Europeans introduced a transformative shift, redirecting these currents towards Europe. The vast lands of America, with their abundant crops and minerals, triggered a revolution in global trade and lifestyle. By the mid-sixteenth century, the Portuguese and Spanish had firmly embarked on the conquest and colonization of America.

Interestingly, the most potent tool wielded by Europeans wasn’t a traditional military instrument, but rather the germs they inadvertently carried, such as the smallpox virus. This unseen foe proved devastatingly lethal. Up until the 19th century, Europe grappled with widespread poverty and hunger, while China and India, well into the 18th century, ranked among the world’s wealthiest nations. Nevertheless, around the 15th century, China began limiting its overseas interactions, retreating into seclusion. In contrast, Europe ascended as the epicenter of global trade, marking a pivotal juncture in history.

The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)

During the 19th century, intricate interplays of economic, political, social, cultural, and technological elements converged to revolutionize societies and redefine international connections. Economists delineated three distinct currents or trends.

Firstly, there was the current of trade, primarily encompassing the exchange of tangible commodities like cloth or wheat.

The second current pertained to the movement of labor, involving the migration of individuals in pursuit of employment opportunities.

Lastly, the third current involved the mobility of capital, entailing both short-term and long-term investments traversing vast distances.

A World Economy Takes Shape

During the 19th century, the pursuit of self-sufficiency in food in Britain resulted in diminished living standards and societal strife. This outcome was a consequence of the surge in population from the late 18th century onwards. The implementation of corn laws, which restricted the import of corn, compounded the issue. British agriculture found itself unable to compete with incoming imports, leading to substantial tracts of uncultivated land. Consequently, numerous men and women migrated to urban centers or ventured overseas.

In Britain, the prices of foodstuffs declined, and the mid-19th century witnessed industrial expansion, yielding higher incomes and increased imports of food. To meet the burgeoning British demand, regions in Eastern Europe, Russia, America, and Australia saw land clearance to expand food production. The infrastructure required to link railways with agricultural fields and construct dwellings necessitated both capital and labor. London played a pivotal role by providing financial support, while a workforce from Europe emigrated to America and Australia during the 19th century.

By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken root, adapting to intricate shifts in labor migration, capital movements, ecologies, and technological advancements. In West Punjab, the British Indian government orchestrated the construction of an irrigation canal network, transforming semi-desert terrain into fertile farmland for cultivating export-oriented wheat and cotton. Additionally, the cultivation of cotton experienced worldwide growth to cater to the needs of British textile mills.

Role of Technology

Significant technological breakthroughs such as railways, steamships, and the telegraph played a transformative role in the landscape of the 19th century. However, these advancements often emerged as a result of broader societal, political, and economic influences.

To illustrate, the era of colonization acted as a catalyst for fresh investments and enhancements in transportation. Swifter railways, more efficient wagons, and larger vessels emerged to facilitate the cost-effective and rapid movement of food from distant farms to ultimate markets. An intriguing development involved the live shipment of animals from America to Europe, a practice that persisted until the 1870s.

This innovation contributed to making meat, once deemed a lavish and unattainable indulgence for the impoverished in Europe, more accessible. The earlier staple diet of bread and potatoes could now be supplemented with meat, as well as butter and eggs, thereby diversifying dietary options.

Late Nineteenth-Century Colonialism

The late 19th century witnessed a blossoming of trade and the enlargement of markets. However, this progress also cast a shadow, particularly evident in numerous regions across the globe where the surge in trade and increased integration with the global economy translated into the erosion of freedoms and means of sustenance.

In the year 1885, significant European powers convened in Berlin, culminating in the partitioning of Africa among them. This event led to substantial territorial expansions for Britain and France, while Belgium and Germany emerged as newfound colonial forces. In a parallel vein, the United States too entered the realm of colonial powers in the late 1890s, assuming control over territories that were previously under Spain’s dominion.

Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague

During the 1890s, Africa experienced the rapid spread of a cattle plague, profoundly impacting both the livelihoods of its inhabitants and the local economy. The continent boasted ample land and a relatively modest population. As the late 19th century unfolded, Europe’s interest in Africa grew, fueled by the vast reserves of land and minerals it harbored.

European presence in Africa was motivated by the desire to establish plantations and mines, generating crops and minerals for export back to Europe. However, an unforeseen hurdle emerged – a scarcity of labor willing to engage for wages.

To address this, inheritance laws underwent revisions, allowing only a single family member to inherit land under the new regulations. In the latter part of the 1880s, the Rinderpest disease infiltrated Africa, introduced through infected cattle imported from British Asia to sustain Italian soldiers during the Eritrean invasion in East Africa.

This outbreak had devastating consequences, dismantling the foundations of African livelihoods as cattle losses mounted.

Indentured Labour Migration from India

Indentured labor serves as a poignant reflection of the dichotomous nature characterizing the 19th-century global panorama. It was a world marked by accelerated economic growth, yet juxtaposed with profound suffering; offering elevated incomes to some while subjecting others to poverty; unveiling technological strides in select domains even as new forms of coercion took root elsewhere.

In India, the system of indentured labor involved the hiring of laborers under contractual terms, predominantly sourced from contemporary regions encompassing eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India, and arid districts of Tamil Nadu.

The primary destinations for Indian indentured migrants included Caribbean islands like Trinidad, Guyana, and Surinam, as well as Mauritius and Fiji. Additionally, indentured workers were recruited for labor on tea plantations in Assam. The 19th-century practice of indenture has been likened to a “new system of slavery.” Notably, in Trinidad, the yearly Muharram procession underwent a transformation into the exuberant carnival known as “Hosay,” wherein laborers of diverse races and religions actively participated.

Likewise, the protest movement of Rastafarianism is thought to bear echoes of social and cultural connections with Indian migrants in the Caribbean. Commencing in the 1900s, India’s nationalist leaders commenced a campaign against the indentured labor system, condemning it as cruel and exploitative. Ultimately, this system was abolished in 1921.

Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad

Substantial capital is imperative for cultivating food and various crops destined for the global market. As such, even modest farmers like the Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars, alongside several other cohorts of financiers and traders, played instrumental roles in sponsoring export-oriented agriculture across Central and Southeast Asia. They accomplished this feat by utilizing their own resources or procuring funds from European banks.

Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System

Indian cotton found its way to European shores through exports. In Britain, cloth imports were subjected to tariffs, leading to a reduction in the influx of superior Indian cotton. Across the 19th century, British manufacturers inundated the Indian market. In aiding Britain in rectifying its imbalances, India assumed a pivotal position within the late 19th-century global economy. Furthermore, Britain’s trade surplus within India contributed to offsetting the “home charges,” encompassing private remittances sent by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s foreign debt, and pensions for British officials stationed in India.

The Inter-War Economy

Although the First World War (1914-18) was primarily waged in Europe, its repercussions reverberated across the globe. This era bore witness to extensive economic and political turbulence on a global scale, culminating in yet another catastrophic conflict.

Wartime Transformations

The First World War ensued as a conflict between the Allies – consisting of Britain, France, and Russia (later joined by the US) – and the Central Powers, encompassing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey.

This protracted war endured for over four years, entangling the foremost industrialized nations of the world. Distinguished as the inaugural instance of a modern industrial war, it featured the extensive application of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weaponry, and more.

Throughout the war’s duration, industrial sectors underwent reorganization to cater to the production of war-related commodities. Notably, Britain procured substantial loans from both US banks and the American public, a pivotal shift that transformed the US from an international debtor to an international creditor.

Post-War Recovery

Following the war, as economies sought to rebound, the preeminent global powerhouse, Britain, encountered an extended period of turmoil.

While Britain’s attention was absorbed by the conflict, industries had flourished in India and Japan. In the aftermath of the war, Britain faced challenges in reestablishing its erstwhile dominant stature within the Indian market and in competing with Japan on the international stage.

The war’s conclusion left Britain saddled with substantial external debts. The post-war landscape was marred by a persistent sense of unease and apprehension regarding employment prospects.

Rise of Mass Production and Consumption

The US economy swiftly recuperated and rekindled robust growth during the early 1920s. A prominent hallmark of the US economy, mass production, had its origins in the late 19th century. Henry Ford, an acclaimed innovator in this realm, established his automobile manufacturing plant in Detroit.

His Model T Ford marked the world’s inaugural instance of mass-produced automobiles. The Fordist industrial methods rapidly proliferated within the US and found emulation in Europe during the 1920s. Simultaneously, there was a surge in demand for household appliances like refrigerators and washing machines, a trend once again fueled by loans. By 1923, the US had recommenced exporting capital to global destinations, ascending to the position of the primary international lender.

The Great Depression

The era of the Great Depression unfolded approximately from 1929 to the mid-1930s, marked by widespread and catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes, and trade across numerous corners of the globe. The agricultural sectors and rural communities bore the brunt of the impact. The convergence of multiple factors contributed to the onset of this depression.

Firstly, there was the issue of agricultural overproduction, while the second factor stemmed from the practice in the mid-1920s when many nations funded their investments through loans obtained from the US. The aftermath of this practice took various forms as the US loans were withdrawn, affecting different regions of the world.

Simultaneously, the United States itself faced severe repercussions from the depression. The collapse of the US banking system ensued, as a multitude of banks faced bankruptcy, ultimately leading to their closure.

India and the Great Depression

The impact of the depression swiftly reached Indian trade. Agricultural prices plummeted significantly, yet the colonial administration persisted in maintaining its revenue requirements. During these years of economic downturn, India shifted to exporting precious metals, particularly gold. Consequently, rural India simmered with discontent, setting the stage for Mahatma Gandhi’s launch of the civil disobedience movement in 1931, coinciding with the peak of the depression.

Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-War Era

Twenty years subsequent to the conclusion of the First World War, the world was engulfed by the outbreak of the Second World War. This conflict pitched the Axis powers, primarily comprising Nazi Germany, Japan, and Italy, against the Allies, which included Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The war endured for six years, spanning land, sea, and air theaters. Its toll encompassed extensive economic devastation and profound societal upheaval.

The course of post-war reconstruction was significantly molded by two pivotal influences. The initial influence was the ascendancy of the United States as the preeminent economic, political, and military force in the Western sphere. The second significant influence stemmed from the dominance of the Soviet Union.

Post-War Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions

Inter-war economic history yielded two pivotal insights. Initially, it became evident that the continuity of mass production necessitated concurrent mass communication. The second lesson revolved around a nation’s economic connections with the global arena.

The Bretton Woods conference marked a significant turning point, culminating in the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), designed to address the external surpluses and deficits encountered by its member countries. Simultaneously, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, often recognized as the World Bank, was established to provide funding for postwar reconstruction efforts. The financial operations of both the IMF and the World Bank commenced in the year 1947.

The Early Post-War Years

The Bretton Woods agreement ushered in an era characterized by unparalleled trade expansion and income growth for Western industrial nations and Japan. Throughout this span of ten years, technology and entrepreneurial initiatives were widely propagated on a global scale.

Decolonisation and Independence

Following the culmination of the Second World War, substantial portions of the world remained subject to European colonial governance. Initially tailored to cater to the financial requirements of industrialized nations, the IMF and the World Bank gradually shifted their focus to developing countries, particularly during the late 1950s.

However, most developing nations did not partake in the rapid growth witnessed by Western economies during the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to this disparity, these countries united under the banner of the Group of 77 (G-77) and advocated for a novel international economic framework termed the New International Economic Order (NIEO).

This envisaged a system that would grant them genuine control over their natural resources, augmented development aid, equitable pricing for raw materials, and enhanced access for their manufactured goods within the markets of developed nations.

End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’

Starting from the 1960s, the United States experienced a decline in its financial prowess and competitive edge due to the escalating expenses incurred by its overseas engagements.

By the mid-1970s, transformations unfolded within the international financial system, coinciding with a wave of unemployment sweeping through the industrialized world. Multinational corporations (MNCs) initiated a trend of relocating their production facilities to nations in Asia offering lower wage structures. Among these destinations, China emerged as an alluring investment option for foreign MNCs.

Over the past two decades, a remarkable shift has occurred in the global economic landscape, with countries such as India, China, and Brazil undergoing rapid and profound economic metamorphoses.

Read Also:

Frequently Asked Questions on The Making of A Global World Notes

What are the main topics of the making of a global world?

Conquest, Disease, and Trade in Historical Context

In the subsequent section of the chapter exploring the Formation of a Global World, you will delve into the influence of conquest, disease, and trade on the Pre-modern Era. The sixteenth century marked a pivotal shift as European navigators uncovered sea routes to Asia, fundamentally altering the prevailing dynamics.

What is globalization meaning in Class 10 making of global world notes?

Globalization encompasses an economic framework characterized by the unrestricted flow of technology, commodities, individuals, and concepts throughout the entire world.

What do you mean by global world class 10?

Globalization constitutes an economic framework intertwined with the unimpeded circulation of goods, technology, ideas, and individuals on a global scale. Section I: The Pre-Modern World. The Silk Routes. • Multiple silk routes, spanning over land and sea, intricately weave together expansive Asian regions while forming vital connections between Asia, Europe, and northern Africa.

What are the three types of global?

Three distinct forms of globalization exist.
1. Economic globalization: This variant concentrates on the amalgamation of global financial markets and the synchronization of financial transactions.
2. Political globalization: This category encompasses the worldwide interconnection of political processes and the convergence of governance structures.
3. Cultural globalization: This type pertains to the dissemination and blending of cultural elements across the globe.

What are the summary of the making of a global world notes?

‘Globalization’ is commonly identified as an economic paradigm that has prominently emerged over the last approximately five decades. However, the establishment of the globalized world possesses an extensive historical backdrop encompassing trade, labor migration, capital mobility, and more.

History of Class 10th: Chapter Wise Complete Notes of NCERT

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 4, 2023

The NCERT history of class 10th Notes serve as indispensable study material, forming a pivotal component of the broader subject of Social Science. Given the abstract nature of History, students are required to craft meticulous and concise responses.

Securing commendable grades in History is equally imperative as excelling in other disciplines. NCERT Class 10 History delves into significant topics like Nationalism, the French Revolution, Globalisation, and Imperialism, all of which have left a profound impact on our society. Consequently, our NCERT Class 10 History Notes encompass a comprehensive understanding of these concepts.

These meticulously crafted notes are the handiwork of subject matter experts, tailored to facilitate effortless comprehension and retention for students.

Moreover, they prove invaluable for purposes of review and examination readiness. By diligently perusing these CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes, students stand to achieve higher marks in their History assessments. Visit History 10th class to get chapter wise solution of all history chaptes.

NCERT Notes on History of Class 10th

The CBSE Class 10 History textbook comprises a grand total of 5 chapters. Within the provided table, we have meticulously assembled the complete set of CBSE Class 10 History notes spanning all 5 chapters. To access these notes, simply click on the corresponding chapter links. Each of these CBSE Notes has been meticulously curated, drawing from the most up-to-date NCERT Class 10 History syllabus as a point of reference.

Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
Chapter 5: Print Culture and The Modern World

Benefits of Studying from NCERT History of Class 10th Notes

Facilitating an effortless grasp of the concepts.
These notes prove convenient for swift and comprehensive chapter reviews.
Encompassing pivotal subjects, ideas, and chronological details.
Perusing these notes guides students in identifying areas warranting heightened attention.

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT History of Class 10th Notes

1. What are NCERT History Class 10 Notes?

NCERT History Class 10 Notes are concise and comprehensive study materials created to aid students in understanding and revising the concepts covered in the Class 10 History textbook published by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).

2. Who prepares these NCERT History Class 10 Notes?

These notes are meticulously prepared by subject matter experts who have a deep understanding of the Class 10 History syllabus and curriculum.

3. How can I access these notes?

You can access these notes by downloading them from the provided links corresponding to each chapter. These links are often available on educational websites, forums, or study platforms.

4. How do these notes help in my studies?

NCERT History Class 10 Notes serve as valuable tools for better understanding and retention of the historical concepts. They provide a concise overview of important topics, making it easier for you to grasp the subject matter.

5. Are these notes a substitute for the NCERT textbook?

While these notes are designed to complement your study of the NCERT textbook, they are not a substitute for it. It’s important to refer to the official textbook for in-depth understanding and context.

Metals and Non Metals Class 10 NCERT Science Chapter 3 Notes

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 4, 2023

Metals and Non Metals Class 10: In the arrangement known as the periodic table, the elements present on our planet are systematically organized according to their ascending atomic numbers.

Our current understanding recognizes a grand total of 118 elements, among which 92 occur naturally, while the remaining 26 are synthesized artificially within laboratory settings.

These elements can be categorized into three distinct groups—Metalloids, Metals, and Non-Metals—based on their unique physical and chemical characteristics.

Metals and Non Metals Class 10 Notes: NCERT Science Chapter 3

Metals and Non Metals Class 10

Physical Properties: Metals and Non Metals Class 10

A quantifiable attribute that signifies a state of a physical system is known as a physical property. The physical properties of a system serve to define its shifts between momentary conditions. The term “observables” is employed to denote these discernible physical attributes.

Physical Properties of Metals

Possessing significant hardness and high tensile strength – Carbon stands out as the sole non-metal with remarkably high tensile strength.
Maintaining solidity at room temperature – While one non-metal, bromine, defies this by being a liquid at room temperature, others such as carbon and sulfur remain solid under these conditions.
Exhibiting sonority – When struck, metals generate a distinctive ringing sound.
Proficient conductors of heat and electricity – Graphite notably excels as a conductor of both heat and electricity.
Demonstrating malleability, enabling the shaping into thin sheets.
Displaying ductility, allowing the drawing into fine wires.
Exhibiting notably high melting and boiling points (with exceptions like Caesium (Cs) and Gallium (Ga)) – An illustrative instance is graphite, a non-metal form of carbon, which boasts a high boiling point and remains solid at room temperature.
Possessing density (excluding alkali metals), with Osmium exhibiting the highest density and lithium displaying the lowest.
Exhibiting luster – The capacity to reflect light and be polished is characteristic of metals, exemplified by gold, silver, and copper. Iodine and carbon, although non-metals, also possess luster, albeit specific to certain forms like diamond and graphite for carbon.
Generally showcasing a silver-grey hue (aside from gold and copper) – The typical coloration of metals tends to be silver or grey in nature.

Non-Metals

Nonmetals are elements that lack the characteristic properties of metals.

Physical Properties of Non-metals

Exist in states of matter including solids, liquids, and gases at standard room conditions.
Fragile
Not capable of being shaped into thin sheets
Not capable of being drawn into thin wires
Lack a resonating sound when struck
Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Exceptions in Physical Properties

Alkali metals (Na, K, Li) can be cut using a knife.
Mercury is a liquid metal.
Lead and mercury are poor conductors of heat.
Mercury expands significantly for the slightest change in temperature.
Gallium and caesium have very low melting points.
Iodine is non-metal, but it has lustre.
Graphite conducts electricity.
Diamond conducts heat and has a very high melting point.

Examples of Non-metals

Hydrogen – Gas
Nitrogen – Gas
Oxygen – Gas
Fluorine – Gas
Chlorine – Gas
Bromine – Liquid
Iodine – Solid
Carbon – Solid
Sulphur – Solid
Phosphorous – Solid
Silicon – Solid

Chemical Properties: Metals and Non Metals Class 10

Chemical Properties of Metals

Alkali metals (such as Li, Na, K, etc.) display vigorous reactions with water and oxygen or air.

Mg reacts with heated water.
Al, Fe, and Zn undergo reactions with steam.
Cu, Ag, Pt, and Au show no reactivity with water or weak acids.

Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (Burnt in Air)

When metals undergo combustion in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, they give rise to metal oxides. These oxides are a foundational type of substance discovered naturally, capable of altering the hue of red litmus paper to blue. To prevent interactions with oxygen, moisture, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, sodium and potassium metals are stored in kerosene oil.

Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide (basic)
● Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are preserved within kerosene oil due to their vigorous reactivity with air, leading to combustion.
4K(s) + O2(g) → 2K2O(s) (highly energetic reaction)
● Magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) exhibit a gradual reaction with air, developing a protective layer that thwarts corrosion.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) (Mg combustion produces intense white light)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
● Silver, platinum, and gold remain inert, devoid of combustion or reactivity with air.

Basic Oxides of Metals

Metallic oxides are structured crystalline solids comprising a metal cation and an oxide anion. Commonly, they engage in reactions with water to generate bases or combine with acids to produce salts. The equation MO + H2O → M(OH)2 (where M represents a group 2 metal) exemplifies this pattern. Consequently, these compounds are frequently referred to as basic oxides.

Certain metallic oxides are soluble in water, forming alkalis. Their aqueous solutions exhibit the ability to convert red litmus paper to blue.

Examples:
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)
K2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq)

Amphoteric Oxides of Metals

Amphoteric oxides display the unique ability to react with both acids and bases, resulting in the formation of salts and water.
For instance, compounds like Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, and SnO fall under this category.

Examples of reactions:
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2O(l)

Reactivity Series

The activity series of metals, often referred to as the reactivity series, entails the organization of metals in a sequence based on their decreasing levels of reactivity.

The subsequent table presents the reactivity of metals, ranked from greatest to least reactivity.

Symbol	Element
K	Potassium ( Highly Active Metal)
Ba	Barium
Ca	Calcium
Na	Sodium
Mg	Magnesium
Al	Aluminium
Zn	Zinc
Fe	Iron
Ni	Nickel
Sn	Tin
Pb	Lead
H	Hydrogen
Cu	Copper
Hg	Mercury
Ag	Silver
Au	Gold
Pt	Platinum

Roasting

Undergoing vigorous heating in the presence of an abundant supply of air, it transforms sulphide ores into oxides. This process serves to eliminate volatile impurities as well.

Equation:
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) + Heat → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

Calcination

Through intense heating within a restricted air supply, it transforms carbonate and hydrated ores into oxides while simultaneously purging volatile impurities.

Equations:
ZnCO3(s) + heat → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) + heat → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Al2O3.2H2O(s) + heat → 2Al2O3(s) + 2H2O(l)
2Fe2O3.3H2O(s) + heat → 2Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)

Reaction of Metals with Water or Steam

Aluminium, iron, and zinc are metals that exhibit no reaction with water, be it cold or hot. However, when they encounter steam, they generate metal oxide along with hydrogen gas. In contrast, lead, copper, silver, and gold are metals that remain unreactive when in contact with water.

Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide or Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Examples:
2Na + 2H2O (cold) → 2NaOH + H2 + heat
Ca + 2H2O (cold) → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Mg + 2H2O (hot) → Mg(OH)2 + H2
2Al + 3H2O (steam) → Al2O3 + 3H2
Zn + H2O (steam) → ZnO + H2
3Fe + 4H2O (steam) → Fe3O4 + 4H2

Reaction of Metals with Acid

Upon immersion of a metal into an acid, it undergoes a reduction in size due to the consumption within a chemical process. Concurrently, the appearance of gas bubbles is evident, signifying the generation of hydrogen gas as a byproduct. This reactive hydrogen gas can be further demonstrated through its combustible nature, as evidenced by igniting it with a burning splint.

Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Examples:
2Na(s) + 2HCl(dilute) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
2K(s) + H2SO4(dilute) → K2SO4(aq) + H2(g)

Only magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) exhibit reactivity with highly diluted nitric acid, resulting in the liberation of hydrogen gas.

Examples:
Mg(s) + 2HNO3(dilute) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
Mn(s) + 2HNO3(dilute) → Mn(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)

Displacement Reaction

A higher-reactivity element replaces a lower-reactivity element within its compound or solution.

How Do Metals React with the Solution of Other Metal Salts

A metal that possesses greater reactivity has the ability to replace a metal with lesser reactivity within a solution of its salt, leading to what is termed a displacement reaction. This kind of reaction is commonly referred to as a metal displacement reaction. The reactivity of frequently employed metals has been organized in a descending order, constituting the reactivity or activity series.

The reaction takes the form:
Metal A + Salt of metal B → Salt of metal A + Metal B

For instance:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

This process finds application in thermite welding, where it contributes to the displacement of iron from its oxide using aluminum.
Moreover, it is a pivotal aspect of steel production, where carbon displaces iron from its oxide.
Furthermore, this principle finds predominant use in various metal extraction processes.

Reaction of Metals with Bases

Bases are characterized by a bitter flavor and a smooth, slick sensation. When a base is dissolved in water, it is termed an alkali. Upon interacting with acids, these substances yield salts through chemical reactions. Bases are recognized for their ability to shift the color of red litmus paper to blue.

The reaction follows the pattern:
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
Examples:
2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
2NaOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2(g)

Extraction of Metals and Non-Metals

Applications of Displacement Reaction

Uses of displacement reaction

Metal Extraction
Production of Steel
Thermite Reaction: Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3 + Fe(molten)
The thermite reaction finds application in the welding of railway tracks, repairing cracked machine parts, and more.

Occurrence of Metals

The majority of elements, particularly metals, are naturally found in a bonded state alongside other elements. These combinations of metal compounds are categorized as minerals. However, only a select few among these minerals serve as practical reservoirs of the respective metal. These specific utilitarian reserves are referred to as ores.

Notably, gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) are examples of elements that exist in their native or free form.

Extraction of Metals

The activity of retrieving metal ores from deep subterranean deposits is referred to as Mining. Within the Earth’s crust, metal ores are present in varying quantities. The extraction of metals from these ores is the pivotal step that enables us to harness the minerals concealed beneath the surface. It’s important to note that ores contrast significantly from the refined metals visible in structures like buildings and bridges. Ores comprise the sought-after metal compounds along with impurities and earthly materials collectively termed Gangue.

Enrichment of Ores

Purification involves the elimination of impurities or gangue from ore by employing diverse physical and chemical methods. The selection of a specific technique for a given ore hinges on the distinctions between the ore and the gangue in their properties.

In the realm of chemistry, gangue signifies an unwanted element or impurity that encases minerals within an ore deposit, which can be anything from sand and rock to other materials. This mineral presence is a frequent occurrence in mining activities.

Extracting Metals Low in Reactivity Series

By self-reduction- when the sulphide ores of less electropositive metals like Hg, Pb, Cu etc., are heated in air, a part of the ore gets converted to oxide, which then reacts with the remaining sulphide ore to give the crude metal and sulphur dioxide. In this process, no external reducing agent is used.

1. 2HgS(Cinnabar)+3O₂(g)+heat→2HgO(crude metal)+2SO₂(g)
2HgO(s)+heat→2Hg(l)+O₂(g)

2. Cu₂S(Copper pyrite)+3O₂(g)+heat→2Cu₂O(s)+2SO₂(g)
2Cu₂O(s)+Cu₂S(s)+heat→6Cu(crude metal)+SO₂(g)

3. 2PbS(Galena)+3O₂(g)+heat→2PbO(s)+2SO₂(g)
PbS(s)+2PbO(s)→2Pb(crudemetal)+SO₂(g)

Extracting Metals in the Middle of Reactivity Series

Calcination signifies a process in which ore is subjected to heat in the absence of air or with limited air supply. Roasting, on the other hand, involves heating ore in the presence of air or oxygen, but below its melting point. This process is utilized to enhance or modify the properties of ores.

Smelting is a procedure that entails heating the previously roasted or calcined ore (metal oxide) to an elevated temperature alongside a suitable reducing agent. This results in the production of the raw metal in its molten form.

Example:
Fe2O3 + 3C (coke) → 2Fe + 3CO2

An aluminothermic reaction, known as the Goldschmidt reaction, is a profoundly exothermic reaction involving the heating of metal oxides, typically those of Fe and Cr, in the presence of aluminum at high temperatures.

Examples:
Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe + heat
Cr2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr + heat

Extraction of Metals Towards the Top of the Reactivity Series

Electrolytic Reduction:

1. Down’s Process: Molten NaCl undergoes electrolysis within a specialized apparatus.

At the cathode (reduction):
Na+(molten) + e− → Na(s)
Metal is precipitated.

At the anode (oxidation):
2Cl−(molten) → Cl2(g) + 2e–
Chlorine gas is liberated.

2. Hall’s Process: An amalgamation of molten alumina and a fluoride solvent, typically cryolite (Na3AlF6), is subjected to electrolysis.

At the cathode (reduction):
2Al3+ + 6e– → 2Al(s)
Metal is deposited.

At the anode (oxidation):
6O2– → 3O2(g) + 12e–
Oxygen gas is released.

Metals positioned atop the reactivity series exhibit pronounced reactivity. These metals cannot be extracted from their compounds through heating with carbon, as their affinity for oxygen surpasses that of carbon. Thus, the electrolytic reduction method is employed for the extraction of such metals.

Refining of Metals: Metals and Non Metals Class 10

Metal refining involves the elimination of impurities or gangue from raw metal. This final phase in metallurgy relies on distinguishing the properties of the metal from those of the gangue.

Electrolytic Refining

Copper, zinc, nickel, silver, tin, gold, and similar metals undergo electrolytic refinement.

Anode: Contains impure or crude metal
Cathode: Comprises a slender strip of pure metal
Electrolyte: Consists of an aqueous solution of a metal salt

During anode oxidation: Metal ions are released into the solution
At cathode reduction: An equivalent quantity of metal from the solution gets deposited
Impurities gather at the base of the anode.

Electronic Configuration

Group 1 elements – Alkali metals

Element	Electronic Configuration
Lithium(Li)	2,1
Sodium(Na)	2,8,1
Potassium(K)	2,8,8,1
Rubidium(Rb)	2,8,18,8,1

Group 2 elements – Alkaline earth metals

Element	Electronic Configuration
Beryllium(Be)	2,2
Magnesium(Mg)	2,8,2
Calcium(Ca)	2,8,8,2
Stronium(Sr)	2,8,18,8,2

How Do Metals and Non-Metals React?

Metals shed valence electrons, leading to the creation of cations.
Non-metals acquire these electrons in their valence shell, resulting in the formation of anions.
The cation and anion are drawn together by a potent electrostatic force, culminating in the establishment of an ionic bond.
For instance, in calcium chloride, the ionic bond emerges from the attraction between oppositely charged calcium and chloride ions.
The calcium atom loses two electrons, achieving the electronic arrangement akin to the nearest noble gas (argon), resulting in a net charge of +2.

Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are balanced compounds comprising positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. Binary ionic compounds, those containing just two distinct elements, are named by listing the cation’s name followed by the anion’s name.

The compound’s cohesion arises from the electrostatic attractions between ions of opposing charges.
Illustrations include: MgCl2, CaO, MgO, NaCl, and more.

Properties of Ionic Compound

Ionic compounds:

Typically exist as crystalline solids composed of ions.
Exhibit elevated melting and boiling points.
Display electrical conductivity in aqueous solutions and when liquefied.
Generally dissolve readily in water and polar solvents.

Electric Conduction of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds exhibit electrical conductivity when they are in a molten or aqueous state, during which the ions are liberated and function as charge carriers. In their solid form, ions are firmly bound by electrostatic attraction and lack mobility, resulting in the inability to conduct electricity.

CBSE Class 10 Science notes Chapter 3 – 5

CBSE Class 10 Science notes Chapter 3 – 4
As an illustration, consider ionic compounds like NaCl, which do not conduct electricity while in a solid state. However, when these compounds are dissolved in water or in a molten condition, they become capable of conducting electricity.

Melting and Boiling Points of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds possess robust electrostatic forces that demand a substantial energy input to disrupt. Consequently, the melting and boiling points of an ionic compound are typically elevated.

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

The majority of ionic compounds tend to dissolve in water, a phenomenon attributed to the dispersion of ions within the water medium. This outcome is a result of water’s polar characteristic.

For instance, consider NaCl, a three-dimensional salt crystal comprised of Na+ and Cl− ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction. When a NaCl crystal makes contact with water, the partially positively charged ends of water molecules interact with the Cl− ions, while the negatively charged ends of water molecules interact with the Na+ ions. This ion-dipole interaction between ions and water molecules contributes to the disruption of the robust electrostatic forces binding the crystal. As a result, the crystal becomes soluble in water.

Corrosion: Metals and Non Metals Class 10

Alloys

Alloys represent uniform blends of a metal combined with either other metals or nonmetals. The creation of alloys serves to amplify advantageous material properties like hardness, tensile strength, and resistance to corrosion.

Here are a few instances of alloys:
– Brass: amalgamation of copper and zinc
– Bronze: fusion of copper and tin
– Solder: combination of lead and tin
– Amalgam: mixture involving mercury and other metals

Corrosion

Progressive degradation of a substance, often a metal, due to the influence of moisture, air, or chemicals in its ambient surroundings.

Rusting:
4Fe(s) + 3O2(from air) + xH2O(moisture) → 2Fe2O3. xH2O(rust)

Copper Corrosion:
Cu(s) + H2O(moisture) + CO2(from air) → CuCO3.Cu(OH)2(green)

Silver Corrosion:
Ag(s) + H2S(from air) → Ag2S(black) + H2(gas)

Prevention of Corrosion

Preventions

1. Application of Coatings: Metal surfaces can be safeguarded from corrosion by applying protective coatings like paints, oil, or grease. These coatings create a barrier that excludes air and moisture.

2. Alloy Formation: Incorporating metals into alloys enhances their corrosion resistance. For instance, stainless steel is a notable example of an alloyed metal.

3. Galvanization: This involves the deposition of molten zinc onto iron articles. Zinc forms a protective layer that acts as a barrier against corrosion.

4. Electroplating: Through the application of an electric current, one metal can be coated onto another, providing not only protection but also an improved metallic appearance. Illustrations include silver plating and nickel plating.

5. Sacrificial Protection: Magnesium, being more reactive than iron, can be used as a sacrificial layer on iron or steel articles. Acting as a cathode, magnesium undergoes a reaction, sacrificing itself instead of the underlying iron or steel, thus shielding the articles from corrosion.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Metals and Non Metals Class 10

1. What are metals and non-metals?

Metals are elements that typically exhibit properties like malleability, ductility, and good conductivity of heat and electricity. Non-metals, on the other hand, often lack these properties and may be brittle and poor conductors.

2. How are metals and non-metals classified on the periodic table?

Metals are generally found on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table, while non-metals are primarily located on the right side.

3. What are metalloids?

Metalloids are elements that have properties intermediate between metals and non-metals. They show a combination of characteristics from both categories.

4. What is the reactivity series of metals?

The reactivity series is a ranking of metals based on their reactivity with water, acids, and other substances. It helps us understand their behavior in various chemical reactions.

5. How do metals react with water and acids?

Many metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas. They can also react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas.

6. What are ionic compounds?

Ionic compounds are compounds generated through the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, culminating in the creation of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

7. What is the difference between metals and non-metals in terms of electron gain and loss?

Metals tend to lose electrons and form positively charged ions (cations), while non-metals tend to gain electrons and form negatively charged ions (anions).

8. How are alloys different from pure metals?

Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal, that are combined to enhance specific properties. They often possess improved strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion compared to pure metals.

9. What is the process of corrosion?

Corrosion is the gradual degradation of metals due to the influence of factors like moisture, air, and chemicals in the environment. It often results in the formation of oxides, hydroxides, or other compounds on the metal’s surface.

10. How can we prevent corrosion?

Corrosion prevention can be achieved through techniques such as applying protective coatings like paints or oils, creating alloys, galvanizing, electroplating, and employing sacrificial protection, which involves utilizing a more reactive metal to safeguard a less reactive metal.

Human Eye and the Colourful World Notes Chapter 10 Science

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 3, 2023

In the class 10 Science chapter, “The Human Eye and the Colourful World Notes,” students delve into the application of light knowledge and its properties, previously studied in other chapters. The focus is on understanding how these concepts relate to the human eye.

Additionally, students explore various optical phenomena, including the nature and formation of rainbows, the splitting of white light, and the intriguing phenomenon of the blue color of the sky.

Human Eye and the Colourful World Notes

Structure of a Human Eye

Among all the sense organs, the human eye holds paramount importance, as it grants us the ability to perceive the enchanting and colorful world that surrounds us.

This remarkable organ takes on a spherical shape, with an average diameter of 2.3 cm. Internally, the eye comprises several essential components, such as the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, ciliary muscles, retina, nerve cells, optic nerve, yellow spot, aqueous and vitreous humor, and suspensory ligament.

These intricately interwoven elements work in harmony to facilitate our vision and visual experiences.

The human eye’s lens system plays a crucial role in forming an image on the retina, the light-sensitive screen within the eye. Light enters through the thin membrane known as the cornea, where most of the light refraction occurs at its outer surface. Positioned behind the cornea is the iris, a dark muscular diaphragm responsible for controlling the size of the pupil. The pupil itself acts as a structure that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

When light illuminates the retina, the light-sensitive cells are activated, triggering electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerves. The brain undertakes a complex analysis of these signals and processes the information, allowing us to perceive objects as they truly are. In this intricate process, our eyes enable us to perceive the world around us with clarity and precision.

Defects of a Human Eye

Various common eye disorders affect individuals due to a combination of factors, but fortunately, many of these conditions can be improved through corrective measures. Some of the prevalent eye defects include:

1. Myopia (Short-sightedness): Individuals with myopia have clear vision for nearby objects but struggle to see distant objects. A concave lens can effectively correct this condition.

2. Hypermetropia (Farsightedness): People with hypermetropia experience clear vision for distant objects but face difficulty in seeing nearby objects. This defect can be corrected using a convex lens.

3. Presbyopia: This age-related condition arises from weakened ciliary muscles, hardened lens, and reduced lens flexibility. It leads to difficulties in focusing on nearby objects and makes reading and writing challenging.

4. Cataract: Another age-related condition, cataract, occurs when lens proteins erode, causing loss of lens transparency. This results in blurry vision and cloudy lenses, but it can be treated by replacing the affected lens with an artificial one.

In understanding and addressing these eye disorders, modern advancements in corrective procedures have significantly improved the quality of life for those affected.

Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism

When a prism is introduced to incident white light, it effectively separates it into a beautiful band of seven colors. This band of colored components is known as the spectrum of the light beam. The credit for the first successful observation of sunlight spectrum through a glass prism goes to Isaac Newton.

As light passes through a prism, different colors bend at varying angles with respect to the incident ray. Among them, red light bends the least, while violet light bends the most. Consequently, each color follows a distinct path, leading to their individual emergence and distinct appearance. This captivating phenomenon allows us to witness the mesmerizing array of colors constituting the visible spectrum.

Atmospheric Refraction

Atmospheric refraction refers to the bending of light by Earth’s atmosphere, caused by the varying optical densities of its different layers.

The twinkling effect of stars is a result of atmospheric refraction of starlight. When starlight passes through the atmosphere on its way to Earth, it undergoes continuous refraction due to the changing densities of the atmosphere. As a consequence, the path of light rays from the star slightly fluctuates, causing the apparent position of the star to waver. This continuous variation in the perceived position of the star leads to the flickering of starlight entering our eyes, giving rise to the captivating twinkling phenomenon we observe in the night sky.

Scattering of Light

As a light beam travels through a medium, it interacts with the particles present in the medium. During this interaction, some of the light rays are absorbed, while others are scattered in different directions. The extent of scattering and the intensity of the scattered light depend on both the size of the particles and the wavelength of the light.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Human Eye and the Colourful World Notes

Q 1: How does the eye work Class 10 notes?

The human eye functions like a complex optical system. Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The iris adjusts the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering. The light then passes through the lens, which focuses it onto the retina.

The retina contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones, which convert light into electrical signals. These signals are transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for processing. The brain interprets these signals to create visual perceptions. This intricate process enables us to see and perceive the world around us.

Q 2: What are the parts of the eye Class 10 notes?

On average, the eye is a spherical organ with a diameter of approximately 2.3 cm. Internally, it comprises several essential structures, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, ciliary muscles, retina, nerve cells, optic nerve, yellow spot, aqueous and vitreous humor, as well as the suspensory ligament. These intricately interconnected components work in harmony to enable vision and the processing of visual information, facilitating our perception of the surrounding world.

Q 3: What are the 5 main parts of the eye?

The key components responsible for your vision include:

1. Cornea: Positioned at the front of your eye, the cornea is a dome-shaped layer that bends the incoming light, directing it further into your eye.
2. Pupil: Acting as a gateway for light, the pupil is the black dot situated in the center of your eye. It expands in dim light and contracts in bright light, its size regulated by the iris.
3. Iris: Commonly known as your eye color, the iris is a muscular structure controlling the pupil’s size and regulating the amount of light entering your eye.
4. Lens: Located behind the iris and pupil, the lens collaborates with the cornea to focus incoming light, much like a camera lens. It sharpens the image before you, allowing clear and detailed vision.
5. Retina: Situated at the back of the eye, the retina is a layer of tissue that converts incoming light into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the brain, where they are interpreted as images, enabling you to see the world around you.

Q 4: Which gland is found in human eye?

The meibomian glands are oil glands located along the edge of the eyelids, where the eyelashes are present. These glands secrete an oily layer that forms the outer part of the tear film, which helps prevent tears from evaporating too rapidly. Various eye problems can be associated with the meibomian glands and their proper functioning.

Q 5: What is eye number?

“Eye number” typically refers to a measurement of refractive error in the eyes, also known as the prescription for corrective lenses. It is denoted in units called diopters (D). When light enters the eye, it should focus precisely on the retina for clear vision. However, in some individuals, the light either falls short of or goes beyond the retina, causing blurry vision. This condition can be categorized into myopia (nearsightedness), hypermetropia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. Eye number determines the strength of lenses needed to correct these refractive errors, allowing the light to focus correctly on the retina and providing clear vision.

Class 10th Chapter 11 Science Notes for NCERT Students

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 3, 2023

Class 10th Chapter 11 Science: The Class 10 science chapter 11, titled ‘Electricity,’ explores the fundamental aspects of electricity. It seeks to unravel the nature of electricity, the factors influencing the flow of electric current, and the functioning of electric circuits.

Additionally, the chapter delves into the heating effects of electric current and explores its various practical applications. In our pursuit of comprehending electric current’s makeup, the chapter also delves into the discussion of atomic structure.

Class 10th Chapter 11 Science Notes for NCERT Students

Atomic Structure

Within an atom, a positively charged nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons that orbit around it. In metals, valence electrons are not tightly bound and are free to move within the conductor, forming an electric current.

Charge

Charge is an inherent characteristic of matter that enables it to exert electromagnetic force.

Conductors and Insulators: Class 10th Chapter 11 Science Notes

A conductor is a substance that allows current to flow through it with relatively little resistance, while an insulator is a substance that offers higher resistance to the flow of current. Copper, iron, and steel are examples of conductors, while glass, dry wood, and cotton are examples of insulators.

Electric Potential and Potential Difference

Electric potential at a point is characterized as the work required to bring a unit positive charge from infinity to that specific point. The potential difference between two points is the discrepancy in electric potentials at those locations. Electrons only move when there exists a difference in electric pressure, known as the potential difference. One Volt is defined as the energy consumption of one joule per electric charge of one coulomb.

Mathematically, the electric potential between two points can be expressed as:

V = W/Q

where V represents the potential difference, $W$ stands for the work done, and $Q$ denotes the electric charge.

Electric Current(I)

Electric current is the term used to describe the movement of electric charges. Mathematically, it is represented as I = Q/t, where I denotes the current, Q represents the electric charge, and t signifies the time taken for the charge to flow.

Models of Electric Current

Drift Velocity of Electron

Inside a metallic conductor, when an electric field is applied due to a potential difference, electrons attain an average velocity. This average velocity is known as the drift velocity.

Battery and Its Working

A cell acts as a source of potential difference, generated through internal chemical reactions within it.

At the anode: Cu(s) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + 2e−

At the cathode: Ag(aq) + 2e− ⇌ 2Ag(s)

When multiple cells are combined, it forms a battery.

Electric Circuit

Electric Circuit and Circuit Diagram

An electric circuit refers to a closed-loop path through which a current flows. A circuit diagram is a visual representation of the electric circuit using symbols and lines.

Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law establishes that the current passing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its two ends. In other words, the relationship between the potential difference across the conductor and the current flowing through it is defined by Ohm’s Law.

Resistance

Resistance quantifies the opposition presented to the flow of current within an electric circuit. It is expressed in ohms. Every material exhibits some degree of resistance to current flow. These materials can be broadly categorized into two groups: conductors and insulators. Conductors allow the flow of current with relatively low opposition, while insulators impede current flow to a greater extent.

Factors Affecting Resistance & How They Affect

Resistance is influenced by several factors:

It is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
It is directly proportional to the nature of the conductor.
It is directly proportional to the temperature of the conductor.
It is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor.

Mathematically, this relationship is represented as:

$R = ρL/A$

Where $R$ is the resistance, $ρ$ (rho) is the resistivity of the material (a property related to the nature of the conductor), $L$ is the length of the conductor, and $A$ is the cross-sectional area of the conductor.

Resistivity

Resistivity refers to the electrical resistance exhibited by a substance with a length of one unit and a cross-sectional area of one unit.

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Resistors

Resistors that adhere to Ohm’s Law are termed Ohmic resistors, while those that deviate from it are known as Non-Ohmic resistors.

Superconductors

Superconductors are conductors that exhibit zero resistance to the flow of current. Prominent examples of superconductors include aluminum, niobium, magnesium diboride, as well as certain compounds known as cuprates, such as yttrium barium copper oxide and iron pnictides.

Combination of Resistors

When two resistors are arranged in series, they carry the same current through them.

On the other hand, when two resistors are arranged in parallel, they experience the same potential difference applied across them.

Equivalent Resistance of a System of Resistors

The equivalent resistance of two resistors can be calculated as follows:

EMF and Terminal Voltage

EMF (Electromotive Force) refers to the potential difference between the two terminals of a cell when there is no current flowing through the circuit.

Terminal voltage, on the other hand, represents the potential difference between the two terminals of a cell when current is actively flowing through the circuit.

Electric Power and AC

Heating Effect of Current

Joule’s Law states the following relationships:

1. Heat (H) is directly proportional to the square of the current (I).
2. Heat (H) is directly proportional to the resistance of the given circuit.
3. Heat (H) is directly proportional to the time (t) for which the current flows through the conductor.

Moreover, when a potential difference is established, it induces the movement of electrons, resulting in the flow of current.

Uses of Heating Effect of Electric Current

The heating effect of current finds practical application in electrical heating appliances like electric kettles, electric irons, room heaters, water heaters (geysers), and similar devices.

Electric Power

Electric power is the measure of the rate at which work is done or electrical energy is consumed. It is denoted by the symbol P and can be calculated as P = W/t, where W is the work done in time t.

The standard unit for electric power is the Watt (W). One watt of power is consumed when a current of 1 Ampere (A) flows at a potential difference of 1 Volt (V).

The commercial unit of electrical energy is the kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is equivalent to 3,600,000 Joules (J) or 3.6×106 J.

Electric power can also be represented in terms of current and resistance as P = I^2R or in terms of potential difference and resistance as P = V^2/R.

One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1 kilowatt (kW) of power is used for 1 hour.

Read Also:

Frequently Asked Questions on Class 10th Chapter 11 Science Notes for NCERT Students

Q 1: What is the significance of Chapter 11 in Class 10 Science?

Chapter 11 in Class 10 Science covers topics related to electricity, electrical circuits, and power. It provides fundamental knowledge about electrical concepts and their practical applications.

Q 2: What are the key topics covered in Chapter 11 Science Notes?

The key topics covered in Chapter 11 Science Notes include electric current, electric circuits, Ohm’s Law, resistors, heating effect of current, electric power, and the commercial unit of electrical energy (kWh).

Q 3: How can I understand the concept of electric current better?

To understand electric current better, you can start by learning the definition of electric current and its unit (Ampere). You should also study the factors affecting the flow of current in a conductor, including resistance and potential difference.

Q 4: What is Ohm’s Law, and how is it represented?

Ohm’s Law defines the relationship between current (I), potential difference (V), and resistance (R) in an electrical circuit. It is represented by the equation V = IR, where V is the potential difference, I is the current, and R is the resistance.

Q 5: How is electrical power calculated, and what are its units?

Electric power (P) is calculated as P = VI or P = I^2R or P = V^2/R, where V is potential difference, I is current, and R is resistance. The unit of electric power is the Watt (W).

Class 10 Board Exam Papers: CBSE Previous Year Questions

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 2, 2023

Class 10 Board Exam Papers serve as valuable study materials for students preparing for their board examinations. Regularly solving these past papers not only boosts students’ self-confidence but also alleviates examination stress. By practicing with these question papers, students gain insight into essential topics and the question formats commonly encountered in the Class 10 board exams.

Furthermore, the CBSE board question papers for Class 10, accompanied by answer PDFs, offer students an understanding of the exam pattern and marking scheme. This insight into the answers’ writing style helps them familiarize themselves with the expected approach for CBSE previous year question papers. As a result of their practice, students feel more assured and self-assured when facing the Class 10 examination.

Class 10 Board Exam Paper Subject Wise pdf Download

Easily accessible through the provided links are the CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers for Maths, Science, Social Science, and English. These question papers span from 2010 to 2022 and come with separate solution PDFs. The solutions offer step-by-step explanations for each question paper, aiding students in comprehending the answer writing process for CBSE Class 10.

Additionally, some of the previous years’ class 10 board exam papers are available without solutions, intended for students’ practice and self-assessment. This comprehensive resource empowers students to enhance their exam preparation and build confidence in tackling the Class 10 board examinations effectively.

Question Paper for Class X Examination 2023

Subject name	Download
Apparel	Download
Arabic	Download
Artificial intelligence	Download
Assamese	Download
Automotive	Download
Bhasa melayu	Download
Banking insurance	Download
Beauty & wellness	Download
Bengali	Download
Bhutia	Download
Bodo	Download
Computer application	Download
Carnatic music (vocal)(theory)	Download
Carnatic music (mel ins)(theory)	Download
Carnatic music (per ins)	Download
Data science	Download
Elements of book-keeping & accountancy	Download
Elements of business	Download
English literature	Download
Food production	Download
French	Download
Front office operation	Download
German	Download
Gujarati	Download
Gurung	Download
Health care	Download
Hindi a	Download
Hindi b	Download
Hindustani music (mel ins)	Download
Hindustani music per ins	Download
Hindustani music vocal	Download
Home science	Download
Information technology	Download
Introduction tourism	Download
Introduction financial markets	Download
Japanese	Download
Kannada	Download
Kashmiri	Download
Lepcha	Download
Limboo	Download
Malayalam	Download
Manipuri	Download
Marathi	Download
Marketing & sales	Download
Mathematics basic	Download
Mathematics standard	Download
Mizo	Download
Multi skill foundation course	Download
Multimedia	Download
Ncc	Download
Nepali	Download
Odia	Download
Painting	Download
Persian	Download
Physical activity trainer	Download
Punjabi	Download
Rai	Download
Russian	Download
Sanskrit	Download
Science	Download
Security	Download
Sherpa	Download
Sindhi	Download
Spanish	Download
Social science	Download
Tamang	Download
Tamil	Download
Tangkhul	Download
Telugu	Download
Telugu telangana	Download
Thai	Download
Tibetain	Download
Urdu a	Download
Urdu b	Download

Question Paper for Class X Examination 2022

Subject name	Download
Agriculture	download
Apparel	download
Arabic	download
Artificial intelligence	download
Assamese	download
Automotive	download
Bhasa melayu	download
Banking insurance	download
Beauty & wellness	download
Bengali	download
Bhutia	download
Bodo	download
Computer application	download
Elements of book-keeping & accountancy	download
Elements of business	download
English literature	download
Food production	download
French	download
Front office operation	download
German	download
Gujarati	download
Gurung	download
Health care	download
Hindi a	download
Hindi b	download
Hindustani music (mel ins)	download
Hindustani music per ins	download
Hindustani music vocal	download
Home science	download
Information technology	download
Introduction tourism	download
Introduction financial markets	download
Japanese	download
Kannada	download
Kashmiri	download
Lepcha	download
Limboo	download
Malayalam	download
Manipuri	download
Marathi	download
Marketing & sales	download
Mathematics basic	download
Mathematics standard	download
Mizo	download
Multi skill foundation course	download
Multimedia	download
Ncc	download
Nepali	download
Odia	download
Painting	download
Persian	download
Physical activity trainer	download
Punjabi	download
Rai	download
Retail	download
Russian	download
Sanskrit	download
Science	download
Security	download
Sherpa	download
Sindhi	download
Spanish	download
Social science	download
Tamang	download
Tamil	download
Tangkhul	download
Telugu	download
Telugu telangana	download
Thai	download
Tibetain	download
Urdu a	download
Urdu b	download

Question Paper for Class X (Examination 2020)

Subject name	Download
Apparel	download
Arabic	download
Assamese	download
Automotive	download
Banking and insurance	download
Agriculture	download
Beauty and wellness	download
Bengali	download
Bhasamelayu	download
Bhutia	download
Bodo	download
Carnatic music	download
Retailing	download
Elements of book-keeping and accountancy (commerce)	download
Elements of business (commerce)	download
English language & literature	download
English comm	download
E-publishing and e-office(commerce)	download
Food production	download
Information technology	download
French	download
Front office operations	download
German	download
Gujarati	download
Gurung	download
Health care services	download
Hindi a	download
Hindi b	download
Hindustani music	download
Home science	download
Introduction to financial markets	download
Introduction to tourism	download
Japanese	download
Kannada	download
Kashmiri	download
Lepcha	download
Limboo	download
Malayalam	download
Manipuri	download
Marathi	download
Marketing and sales	download
Mathematics basics	download
Mathematics standard	download
Media	download
Mizo	download
Multi skill foundation course	download
National cadet corps (ncc)	download
Nepali	download
Odia	download
Painting	download
Persian	download
Punjabi	download
Rai	download
Russian	download
Sanskrit	download
Science	download
Security	download
Sherpa	download
Sindhi	download
Social science	download
Spanish	download
Tamang	download
Tamil	download
Tangkhul	download
Telug telangana	download
Telugu	download
Thai	download
Tibetan	download
Urdu	download

Question Paper for Class X (Examination 2019)

Subject name	Download
Arabic	download
Assamese	download
Automobile technology	download
Banking and insurance	download
Basic agriculture	download
Beauty and wellness	download
Bengali	download
Bhutia	download
Bodo	download
Carnatic music	download
Dynamics of retailing	download
Elements of book-keeping and accountancy (commerce)	download
Elements of business (commerce)	download
English language & literature	download
English comm	download
E-publishing and e-office(commerce)	download
Fit	download
Food production	download
Foundation of information technology	download
French	download
Front office operations	download
German	download
Gujarati	download
Gurung	download
Health care services	download
Hindi a	download
Hindi b	download
Hindustani music (percussion instrument)	download
Hindustani music (vocal)	download
Home science	download
Information and communication technology (ict)	download
Information technology	download
Introduction to financial markets	download
Introduction to tourism	download
Japanese	download
Kannada	download
Kashmiri	download
Lepcha	download
Limboo	download
Malayalam	download
Manipuri	download
Marathi	download
Marketing and sales	download
Mathematics	download
Mizo	download
National cadet corps (ncc)	download
Nepali	download
Odia	download
Painting	download
Persian	download
Punjabi	download
Rai	download
Russian	download
Sanskrit	download
Science	download
Security	download
Sherpa	download
Sindhi	download
Social science	download
Spanish	download
Tamang	download
Tamil	download
Tangkhul	download
Telugu telangana	download
Telugu	download
Thai	download
Tibetan	download
Urdu	download

Benefits of Solving CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10

While practicing the previous year’s CBSE Class 10 question papers, students not only cover the entire CBSE Class 10 syllabus but also engage in a valuable revision process.

It allows them to gauge the time required for solving specific sections of these papers, which is beneficial for managing time during the actual board exam.

Therefore, it is essential for students to solve at least 5-6 CBSE previous year question papers for each subject to enhance their speed, accuracy, confidence, exam temperament, and time management skills.

Regular assessments in school may sometimes cause students to lose focus on key concepts. In such cases, the previous year’s CBSE Class 10 question papers serve as a handy tool. They help students evaluate their preparation level and ensure that they have covered all the important concepts.

Additionally, the provided solution PDFs for these papers assist students in understanding how to present their answers effectively from an exam perspective. For a broader understanding of question patterns over the years, students can also refer to the 10 Years Question Paper CBSE Class 10.

We hope that students find this information on “class 10 board exam papers” useful for their exam preparation. Keep learning and stay tuned for further updates on CBSE Exams.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers

Q 1: Why should I practice Class 10 previous year’s exam papers?

Practicing Class 10 previous year’s exam papers helps you familiarize yourself with the exam pattern, question types, and difficulty level. It provides valuable insights into which topics are frequently asked and enhances your time management and exam-solving skills.

Q 2: How many CBSE Class 10 previous year question papers should I solve for each subject?

It is recommended to solve at least 5-6 previous year question papers for each subject. This will give you a comprehensive understanding of the subject, boost your confidence, and prepare you effectively for the actual board exams.

Q 3: Are the solutions provided with the CBSE Class 10 previous year question papers?

Yes, most websites and study resources provide solution PDFs with the CBSE Class 10 previous year question papers. These solutions assist you in understanding the correct approach to solving problems and writing answers effectively.

Q 4: Can solving previous year’s question papers improve my exam performance?

Absolutely! Solving CBSE Class 10 previous year question papers enhances your exam preparation by giving you exposure to the exam format and frequently asked topics. It boosts your confidence, accuracy, and time management skills, ultimately leading to improved performance in the board exams.

Q 5: Is it beneficial to refer to 10 Years Question Paper CBSE Class 10?

Yes, referring to the 10 Years Question Paper CBSE Class 10 is advantageous. It gives you a broader perspective on the types of questions asked over the years. It helps you identify recurring patterns and allows you to focus on essential topics that are frequently tested in previous exams.

Syllabus Class 10 For CBSE Students – Download Pdf

Class 10

Posted by : konetwon / On : August 2, 2023

The CBSE has recently released the Syllabus Class 10 for the 2023-24 academic year, a crucial resource for students preparing for board exams. This syllabus outlines the course structure, unit-wise marks distribution, and allocated periods for each unit. Moreover, it includes information about reference books, projects, assignments, and practicals, providing students with a comprehensive guide to plan their studies effectively.

For easy access, we have provided links to the Syllabus PDF for all major subjects. Familiarizing themselves with this syllabus will enable students to better organize their exam preparation. Additionally, covering the CBSE syllabus for Class 9 will contribute to enhanced academic knowledge and better learning outcomes.

To ensure success in their exams, students are encouraged to thoroughly review the syllabus for each subject before delving into their preparation. By doing so, they will become acquainted with the topics and concepts to be covered in each subject, ensuring they are well-prepared for the board exam, which is designed according to the CBSE 10th syllabus.

CBSE Syllabus Class 10 for all Subjects 2023-24 – Download pdf

It is essential for students to adhere to the CBSE Class 10 Syllabus guidelines while studying. To access the syllabus for all subjects, simply click on the links provided below. In addition to the theory subjects, students will also find the practical syllabus for CBSE Class 10, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the curriculum.

Class 10 marks a pivotal juncture in every student’s life, as it determines the academic path they will pursue for higher studies. During the revision phase, the CBSE Syllabus for Class 10 proves invaluable.

It allows students to monitor their progress on studied topics and identify areas that require further attention. In Class 10, the significance of practicals is on par with theory, emphasizing a well-rounded approach to education.

CBSE Class 10 Scheme of Studies

The following table presents the scheme of studies for Class 10 students. It includes 5 compulsory subjects, 2 optional subjects, and 2 subjects designated for internal assessment.

Type	Subject Name
Compulsory Subjects	Language 1
	Language 2
	Science
	Mathematics
	Social Science
Optional	Skill Subject
	Language 3 / Any Academic subject other than those opted for above
Subjects of Internal Assessment	Art Education
	Health and Physical Education

Students can access the downloadable PDF of the CBSE 10th Syllabus, which includes the marks weightage for each subject. It is recommended that they prepare for the board exam in accordance with the prescribed syllabus.

Benefits of Knowing the CBSE Board Syllabus

Here are the advantages of being familiar with the CBSE Class 10th Syllabus:

1. Provides an overview of the topics covered in the academic session, allowing students to know what to expect.
2. Serves as a helpful guide during Class 10 exam preparation, aiding students in their board exam readiness.
3. The well-structured syllabus progresses from fundamental to more advanced topics, making it easier for students to grasp concepts effectively.
4. Enables students to identify specific areas they need to focus on, streamlining their study efforts.
5. Boosts students’ confidence as they prepare thoroughly for their Class 10 Board exams, knowing they have covered all essential topics.

Objectives of The Syllabus

The CBSE 10th Syllabus is carefully crafted to cultivate the following skills in students:

1. Encourages self-exploration and boosts self-awareness, helping students tap into their inner potential.
2. Instills moral values and nurtures a love for learning, fostering all-round development.
3. Equips students with technological knowledge, empowering them to utilize technology for the betterment of society.
4. Cultivates the ability to showcase talents and skills, promoting individuality and creativity.
5. Emphasizes physical fitness, health, and integrated learning of arts, fostering a holistic approach to education.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q 1: Is 2023 syllabus reduced?

The upcoming board exams for 2023 will be split into two sections, and they will adhere to a reduced syllabus. Below, we have included links to download the revised and rationalized syllabus for all subjects in CBSE Class 10 in PDF format.

Q 2: What is the CBSE Syllabus?

The CBSE Syllabus is a comprehensive outline of the subjects and topics covered in the academic year for Class 10 students. It provides a structured plan for the curriculum, including details about subjects, chapters, and marks distribution.

Q 3: Where can I find the CBSE Class 10 Syllabus?

The CBSE Syllabus is available on the official website of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It can also be accessed through various educational portals and school websites.

Q 4: What are the compulsory subjects in Class 10?

The compulsory subjects for Class 10 typically include Mathematics, Science, Social Science, English, and a second language, which could be Hindi, Sanskrit, or another regional language.

Q 5: Can students choose optional subjects in Class 10?

Yes, in addition to the compulsory subjects, Class 10 students may have the option to choose two additional elective subjects. These subjects can vary depending on the school or state board.

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K12NINJA

Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes History Ch. 5

NCERT Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes

NCERT Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes

The First Printed Books

Print in Japan

Print Comes to Europe

Gutenberg and the Printing Press

The Print Revolution and Its Impact

A New Reading Public

Religious Debates and the Fear of Print

Print and Dissent

The Reading Mania

Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’

Print Culture and the French Revolution

The Nineteenth Century

Children, Women and Workers

Further Innovations

India and the World of Print

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

Print Comes to India

Religious Reform and Public Debates

New Forms of Publication

Women and Print

Print and the Poor People

Print and Censorship

Frequently Asked Questions on Print Culture and The Modern World Class 10 Notes

Q 1: What is the importance of print culture in modern world?

Q 2: Who introduced the first printing press in India?

Q 3: How did print culture affect religion and society?

Q 4: How did print culture contribute to the spread of education?

Q 5: What role did newspapers play in print culture?

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: NCERT History Ch. 4

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: NCERT History Chapter 4

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes: NCERT History Ch. 4

Before the Industrial Revolution

The Coming Up of the Factory

The Pace of Industrial Change

The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes:

Hand Labour and Steam Power

Life of the Workers

Industrialisation in the Colonies

The Age of Indian Textiles

What Happened to Weavers?

Manchester Comes to India

Factories Come Up

The Early Entrepreneurs

Where Did the Workers Come From?

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth

Small-Scale Industries Predominate

Market for Goods

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions on The Age of Industrialization Class 10 Notes

Q 1: What were the main points of the age of industrialisation?

Q 2: What is the importance of industrialisation Class 10?

Q 3: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Industrialisation?

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: History Class 10 Ch. 1

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: NCERT History Class 10 Chapter 1

NCERT Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Frédéric Sorrieu Vision of the World

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

Notes on The Making of Nationalism in Europe

A New Conservatism after 1815

The Revolutionaries

Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

The Revolution of the Liberals

The Making of Germany and Italy – Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Germany – Can the Army Be the Architect of a Nation?

Italy Unified

The Strange Case of Britain

Visualising the Nation

Nationalism and Imperialism

Frequently Asked Questions on Notes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

What are the important points from nationalism in Europe?

What is a short summary of nationalism in Europe?

What are three examples to show the contribution of nationalism in Europe?

What are causes of nationalism?

Who is the nationalist of India?