Category: Class 10
Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes of NCERT Science Ch. 2
Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes: A salt is created through the replacement of hydrogen ions by a metal or an ammonium ion in the precens of acid. A substance referred to as a base undergoes a reaction with an acid, resulting in the production of water and salt exclusively. Consequently, the combination of an acid and a base leads to the formation of a salt.
Household cleaning products are used to remove oil from windows and floors contain bases. Bases found in items like soaps, toothpaste, egg whites, dishwashing liquids, and household ammonia.
This article will give you a overview and quick short notes on class 10 chapter 2: Acid bases and salts.
CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids Bases And Salts
Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
Introduction of Acid Base and Salts: Short Notes
An acid is defined as a substance that exhibits a sour taste when dissolved in water, turns blue litmus paper to red, and has the ability to neutralize bases. Conversely, a base is a substance whose aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red litmus paper to blue, and can neutralize acids. On the other hand, salt is a neutral substance that does not have any impact on litmus paper when dissolved in an aqueous solution.
Acids Bases and Salts can be classified based on:
a) Composition: This includes elements, compounds, and mixtures.
b) State: Matter can exist in the form of solids, liquids, or gases.
c) Solubility: Matter can be categorized as suspensions, colloids, or solutions based on its ability to dissolve.
Mixtures can be further classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on the uniformity of their composition. Compounds, on the other hand, can be categorised as covalent or ionic compounds based on the types of chemical bonds present within them.
What Is an Acid, Base and Salts
An acid is characterised as any substance that contains hydrogen and has the ability to donate a proton, which is a hydrogen ion, to another substance. On the other hand, a base refers to a molecule or ion that can accept a hydrogen ion from an acid. Acidic substances are commonly recognised by their sour taste, which is a distinctive characteristic.
Ionisable and Non-Ionisable Compounds
As per chapter 2 of class 10 Ionizable compounds are substances that have the ability to undergo ionization, which is the process of forming ions by gaining or losing charged particles (usually electrons or protons) when dissolved in a solvent like water. In other words, ionizable compounds can dissociate into ions in solution.
On the other hand, non-ionizable compounds are substances that do not readily undergo ionization when dissolved in a solvent. These compounds remain predominantly in their molecular form and do not dissociate into ions.
Arrhenius’ Theory of Acids and Bases
According to the Arrhenius definition, an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates to produce H+ (aq) or H3O+ ions. Conversely, an Arrhenius base is a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates to yield OH− ions.
Examples:
Acids:
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
- Nitric acid (HNO3)
Bases:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
Bronsted Lowry Theory
A Bronsted acid is defined as a substance that donates an H+ (aq) ion in a chemical reaction. Conversely, a Bronsted base is a substance that accepts an H+ (aq) ion.
Example:
In the reaction: HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH+4(aq) + Cl− (aq)
- HCl acts as a Bronsted acid because it donates an H+ (aq) ion.
- Cl− is the conjugate base of HCl because it remains after the acid donates its H+ (aq) ion.
- NH3 acts as a Bronsted base because it accepts the H+ (aq) ion from HCl.
- NH+4 is the conjugate acid of NH3 because it is formed after accepting the H+ (aq) ion.
Physical Test for Acid and Base
Two physical tests can be employed to identify an acid or a base.
a. Taste: An acid typically has a sour taste, while a base has a bitter taste. However, this method of taste is not recommended as it can be unsafe due to potential contamination or corrosiveness of acids and bases.
Example: Compounds like curd, lemon juice, orange juice, and vinegar possess a sour taste because they contain acids. Baking soda, on the other hand, has a bitter taste and serves as an example of a base.
b. Effect on Indicators by Acids and Bases: Indicators are chemical substances that undergo a change in their physical properties, such as color or odor, when in contact with an acid or a base. The following are commonly used indicators and the colors they exhibit:
a) Litmus:
- In a neutral solution: Purple
- In an acidic solution: Red
- In a basic solution: Blue
Litmus is available in the form of paper strips, with red litmus and blue litmus variants. An acid turns a moist blue litmus paper to red, while a base turns a moist red litmus paper to blue.
b) Methyl orange:
- In a neutral solution: Orange
- In an acidic solution: Red
- In a basic solution: Yellow
c) Phenolphthalein:
- In a neutral solution: Colorless
- In an acidic solution: Remains colorless
- In a basic solution: Pink
These indicators can be used to determine whether a substance is acidic or basic based on the observed color change.
Acid-Base Reactions for Class 10 Students
An acid-base neutralization reaction takes place when an acid reacts with a base. The outcome of this reaction is the formation of salt and water as the end products. In the standard approach, an acid-base neutralization reaction is represented as a double-replacement reaction.
Class 10 Reactions of Acids and Bases
a) Reaction of acids and bases with metals
Acids, in general, react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Bases, in general, do not react with metals and do not produce hydrogen gas.
Acid + active metal → salt + hydrogen + heat
2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2 (↑)
Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
Base + metal → salt + hydrogen + heat
2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2 (↑)
Sodium hydroxide + Zinc → Sodium zincate + Hydrogen
A more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its base.
2Na + Mg (OH) 2 → 2NaOH + Mg
Sodium + Magnesium hydroxide → Sodium hydroxide + Magnesium
b) Reaction of acids with metal carbonates and bicarbonates
Acids produce carbon dioxide, as well as metal salts and water, when they react with metal carbonates or metal bicarbonates. Sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water are formed when sodium carbonate interacts with hydrochloric acid. Allowing carbon dioxide gas to travel through lime water turns it milky.
Acid + metal carbonate or bicarbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide.
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
H2SO4 + Mg (HCO3)2 → MgSO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
Effervescence indicates the liberation of CO2 gas.
c) Reaction of Acid with Base given in class 10
1. Reaction of metal oxides and hydroxides with acids
Metal oxides or metal hydroxides are basic in nature.
Acid + base → salt + water + heat
H2SO4 + MgO → MgSO4 + H2O
2HCl + Mg (OH) 2 → MgCl2 + 2H2O
2. Reaction of non-metal oxides with bases
Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature
Base + Nonmetal oxide → salt + water + heat
2NaOH + CO2→ Na2CO3 + H2O
3. Reaction of acids and base
A very common acid is hydrochloric acid. The reaction between strong acid, says hydrochloric acid and strong base say sodium hydroxide, forms salt and water. The complete chemical equation is shown below.
HCl (strong acid) + NaOH (strong base) → NaCl (salt) + H2O (water)
Water:
Water itself is a neutral substance and does not exhibit acidic or basic properties. However, it plays a crucial role in the dissociation of acids and bases when they are added to it. Acids and bases dissociate into their respective ions when dissolved in water, allowing them to conduct electricity.
Difference between a Base and an Alkali:
Base:
- Bases can undergo a neutralization reaction with acids.
- They are composed of metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and metal bicarbonates.
- Most bases are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.
Alkali:
- An alkali refers specifically to an aqueous solution of a base, primarily consisting of metallic hydroxides.
- Alkalis readily dissolve in water and dissociate to produce OH− ions.
- It’s important to note that while all alkalis are bases, not all bases are alkalis. The term “alkali” specifically applies to bases that are soluble in water and form alkaline solutions.
Hydronium Ion
Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
A hydronium ion is created when a hydrogen ion (H+) accepts a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom of a water molecule. This interaction leads to the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between the hydrogen ion and the water molecule.
Dilution: Dilution refers to the process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent, usually water. This addition of solvent is typically an exothermic process, releasing heat. When diluting an acid, it is important to add the acid to water gradually, and not the other way around, to prevent potential splattering or hazardous reactions.
Strength of Acids and Bases: Strong acid or base: A strong acid or base is characterized by complete dissociation in water, where all the molecules of a given amount fully separate into their respective ions, resulting in the presence of H+(aq) ions for acids and OH−(aq) ions for bases.
Weak acid or base: In contrast, a weak acid or base only partially dissociates in water, with only a few of the molecules from a given amount breaking apart to form their respective ions. This results in the presence of H+(aq) ions for acids and OH−(aq) ions for bases, but in smaller quantities compared to strong acids or bases.
pH
A universal indicator is a type of pH indicator that provides a pH range from 0 to 14, allowing it to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It changes color depending on the pH value of the solution, providing a visual representation of its acid-base nature.
PH Scale for Acids Bases and Salts
A neutral solution, which is neither acidic nor alkaline, has a pH value of 7.
The pH of a solution can be calculated using the equation pH = -log10[H+]. In pure water, the concentrations of both hydrogen ions ([H+]) and hydroxide ions ([OH-]) are equal to 10^-7 mol/L. Therefore, the pH of pure water is 7.
The pH scale spans from 0 to 14, where values below 7 indicate an acidic solution, values above 7 indicate a basic (alkaline) solution, and a pH of 7 represents a neutral solution.
Importance of pH in Everyday Life: Class 10 Notes
1. pH sensitivity of plants and animals:
Plants and animals exhibit sensitivity to pH levels. Vital biological processes such as food digestion, enzyme functions, and hormonal activities rely on specific pH values for proper functioning.
2. pH of soil:
For optimal plant growth and cultivation, the pH of soil is ideally maintained between 6.5 and 7.0. This range provides favorable conditions for nutrient availability and absorption by plants.
3. pH in the digestive system:
The digestive process within our stomach occurs at a specific pH range of 1.5 to 4. The acidic environment, influenced by hydrochloric acid (HCl), aids in the breakdown of food. Enzymatic activities during digestion are also dependent on the pH conditions within the stomach.
4. pH in tooth decay:
Tooth decay occurs when teeth are exposed to an acidic environment with a pH of 5.5 and below. Acidic conditions promote the erosion of tooth enamel, leading to decay and cavities.
5. pH in self-defence mechanisms of animals and plants:
Both animals and plants employ acidic substances as a means of self-defense. For instance, bees and plants like nettles secrete highly acidic substances to deter threats. These secreted acidic substances possess specific pH levels that contribute to their defensive properties.
Manufacture of Acids and Bases
Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
a) Nonmetal oxide + water → acid
SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq)
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq)
Non-metal oxides are thus referred to as acid anhydrides.
b) Hydrogen + halogen → acid
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
HCl(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq)
c) Metallic salt + conc. sulphuric acid → salt + more volatile acid
2NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2KNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2HNO3(aq)
d) Metal + oxygen → metallic oxide (base)
4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
e) Metal + water → base or alkali + hydrogen
Zn(s) + H2O(steam) → ZnO(s)+ H2(g)
f) Few metallic oxides + water → alkali
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)
g) Ammonia + water → ammonium hydroxide
NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NH4OH(aq)
Salts
Salt is a general term used to refer to a class of compounds composed of ions held together by ionic bonds. In chemistry, salt specifically refers to a compound formed when the hydrogen ions of an acid are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions. This process is known as neutralization. Salts are typically solid crystals with high melting points and can be either soluble or insoluble in water.
Common examples of salts include sodium chloride (table salt), calcium carbonate, potassium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate. Salts play essential roles in various biological, chemical, and industrial processes. They are widely used in cooking, food preservation, manufacturing, and as nutrients for plants and animals.
Types of Salts
Common Salt:
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is commonly known as common salt because it is extensively used worldwide for culinary purposes.
Family of Salts:
Salts that share the same cation or anion belong to the same family. For instance, NaCl, KCl, and LiCl are members of the same salt family.
pH of Salts:
A salt resulting from the combination of a strong acid and a strong base will be neutral in nature, indicated by a pH value of around 7.
A salt formed from a weak acid and a strong base will be basic, with a pH value greater than 7.
Conversely, a salt produced from a strong acid and a weak base will be acidic, with a pH value below 7.
The pH of a salt derived from a weak acid and a weak base can be determined by conducting a pH test.
Chemicals from Common Salt
Sodium chloride is a widely recognized common salt, represented by its molecular formula NaCl. It is an essential component of our meals, serving as both a flavor enhancer and a preservative in our food. From common salt, we can derive the following four compounds:
1. Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda.
2. Baking soda, also referred to as sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.
3. Washing soda, scientifically known as sodium carbonate decahydrate.
4. Bleaching powder, which is calcium hypochlorite.
Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide:
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base with wide applicability. Caution must be exercised when preparing a sodium hydroxide solution by dissolving it in water, as the reaction is highly exothermic and can generate significant heat. It is crucial to ensure safety during this process to prevent splattering or boiling. The following steps outline a safe procedure for manufacturing a sodium hydroxide solution, along with recipes for different NaOH strengths:
Chemical formula: NaOH
Also known as: Caustic soda
Bleaching Powder:
Bleaching powder, which is soluble in water, is widely employed as a bleaching agent in textile industries. It serves as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant in various industrial applications. Bleaching powder is synthesised by reacting chlorine gas with dry slaked lime, represented as Ca(OH)2.
Chemical formula: Ca(OCl)Cl or CaOCl2
Preparation: Ca(OH)2(aq) + Cl2(g) → CaOCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Upon interaction with water, bleaching powder releases chlorine, which is responsible for its bleaching action.
Uses of Bleaching Powder:
1. It is used for bleaching soiled clothes in laundry and as a bleaching agent for cotton and linen in the textile industry.
2. As a strong oxidizing agent, it finds applications in various industries.
3. It is used as a disinfectant for purifying water, making it potable.
Baking Soda:
Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It consists of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3). Sodium bicarbonate exists as a white, crystalline substance, often found in the form of a fine powder. It has a slightly salty and alkaline taste, similar to washing soda (sodium carbonate).
Chemical name: Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula: NaHCO3
Preparation (Solvay process):
a. Limestone is heated: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
b. CO2 is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride and ammonia:
NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → NaHCO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
Uses:
1. It reduces acidity in the stomach and acts as an antacid for treating stomach upset and indigestion.
2. It is utilized as a water softener in the process of washing.
3. Sodium bicarbonate finds applications in various household cleaning products.
Washing Soda:
Washing soda is another name for sodium carbonate decahydrate, which is a chemical compound with the formula Na2CO3·10H2O. It is commonly used in the glass, soap, and paper industries. Washing soda also functions as a water softener and is utilized as a domestic cleaner.
Chemical name: Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Chemical formula: Na2CO3·10H2O
Preparation (Solvay process):
a. Limestone is heated: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
b. CO2 is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride and ammonia:
NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → NaHCO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
Uses:
1. It finds applications in the glass, soap, and paper industries.
2. Washing soda is utilized as a water softener to counteract hard water.
3. It serves as a domestic cleaner for various cleaning purposes.
Crystals of Salts:
Certain salts have the ability to form crystals by combining with a specific proportion of water. The water molecules that join with the salt in a crystal are referred to as water of crystallization. Crystallization is the process by which a solid substance arranges its atoms or molecules into a highly organized structure called a crystal. This process can occur through precipitation from a solution, freezing, or, in rare cases, direct deposition from a gas.
Examples:
Table salt (sodium chloride or halite crystals), sugar (sucrose), and snowflakes are common examples of materials that can form crystals. Many gemstones, such as quartz and diamond, also exhibit a crystal structure.
Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris is a widely used chemical compound that finds extensive application in sculpting materials and gauze bandages. It is a white powdery substance composed of hydrated calcium sulfate, which is typically obtained by calcining gypsum. In other words, Plaster of Paris is manufactured by heating gypsum at a high temperature.
Plaster of Paris is chemically expressed as CaSO4·1/2H2O, indicating that it contains one molecule of water of crystallization.
Uses:
Plaster of Paris, also known as gypsum plaster, is employed for creating casts to aid in the healing of fractures.
Summery: Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
The “Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes” provide comprehensive information on the properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts.
The notes of Class 10’s chapter 2 “Acid bases and salts” cover various aspects, including the definition of acids and bases, their characteristics, pH scale, neutralization reactions, and the preparation of chemicals from common salt.
Additionally, the summary highlights the importance of pH in everyday life, the differences between bases and alkalis, and the types of salts.
The notes also elaborate on the formation of crystals in certain salts and the uses of Plaster of Paris. This detailed summary serves as a valuable resource for students studying these topics in their class 10 curriculum.
Read Also:
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- Class 10th How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes: Science Ch. 7
- Class 10th Heredity and Evolution Notes: NCERT Science Ch. 8
- Chemical Reaction and Equation Notes Class 10 NCERT Sci. Ch.1
- Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes of NCERT Science Ch. 2
- Class 10th Chapter 11 Science Notes for NCERT Students
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Frequently Asked Question – FAQ on Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
Q 1. In the absence of water, acids do not exhibit their characteristic acidic behaviour.
Ans: Acids require water to display their typical acidic behavior due to a process known as ionization or dissociation. Acids release positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) into the water. These hydrogen ions are responsible for the acidic properties of the solution, as they can donate protons to other substances, leading to various acid-base reactions.
In the absence of water, there is no medium for the acids to dissociate into ions. Therefore, without water, acids cannot release hydrogen ions, and as a result, they do not exhibit their usual acidic characteristics such as the ability to lower pH, react with bases, or corrode certain materials.
Q 2. What are the three properties of Acids bases and salts?
Ans: The three main properties of acids are:
1. Sour taste: Many acids have a sour taste. Tasting acids is not recommended due to their potential for high corrosiveness and harm to health.
2. Acidic pH: Acids typically have a pH value lower than 7. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, considering 7 as neutral, and classifying values below 7 as acidic and values above 7 as alkaline (basic). The lower the pH value, the stronger the acid.
3. Acid-base reactions: Acids have the ability to react with bases to form salts and water in a process known as neutralization. In these reactions, acids donate hydrogen ions (H+) to bases, which then accept the ions to form water. This neutralization reaction results in the reduction of acidic or basic properties, respectively.
It’s important to handle acids with care, as some can be highly corrosive and pose significant risks to health and safety. When handling acids, it’s essential to prioritize safety and follow proper laboratory protocols.
Q 3. Write the pH range for acids and alkalis?
Ans: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where:
- pH values below 7 indicate acidity
- pH 7 is neutral
- pH values above 7 indicate alkalinity (also known as basic).
Q 4. What is the chemical name of gypsum?
Ans: The chemical name of gypsum is “calcium sulfate dihydrate.” The gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) made up of calcium ions (Ca2+), sulfate ions (SO42-), and two water molecules (H2O) in each unit.
Q 5. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?
Ans: The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is “bleaching powder” or “chlorinated lime.” It is a white or pale grayish powder with a strong smell of chlorine.
Nationalism in India Class 10 NCERT History Chapter 2 Notes
Nationalism in India Class 10: The article delves into Congress’ efforts to foster the national movement. It also include the diverse participation of social groups, and the profound impact of nationalism on people’s minds. The outbreak of the First World War in 1919 had global ramifications, fueling India’s struggle for independence. This event ignited the spirit of nationalism, and the Non-Cooperation Movement, pivotal elements in India’s fight for freedom.
Nationalism stands as the largest mass movement of modern times, uniting millions across classes and ideologies in political action. This result in ultimately leading to the downfall of the colonial empire. If you’re seeking Nationalism in India class 10 notes, we’ve covered all the significant aspects here. Keep reading to explore further!
Visit history of class 10th for all chapter’s solution.
Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes
Class 10’s “Nationalism in India” chapter explores how a sense of common belonging fosters nationalism. It explores how their struggles bind them together, fostering a shared identity. The chapter also examines nationalism in various parts of the world, including Germany, France, Britain, Vietnam, India, and more. Below are the comprehensive notes on Nationalism in India Class 10 for your reference:
Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes
World War 1 (1914 -1918)
World War 1, had a profound impact on the world, and India was no exception. While India was a colony under British rule during this period, its involvement in the war was significant. The war brought forth numerous changes and challenges for the Indian subcontinent, shaping its political, social, and economic landscape.
As a part of the British Empire, India was automatically drawn into World War 1. The British government utilized Indian resources, manpower, and finances to support the war effort. Around 1.5 million Indian soldiers were recruited to serve on various battlefronts across the globe, making it the largest voluntary army of that time.
Indian soldiers exhibited tremendous bravery and dedication, playing a vital role in several major battles, including the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, Battle of Ypres, and the Mesopotamian campaign. Their sacrifices were significant, with over 74,000 Indian soldiers losing their lives and many more injured.
The war also had a significant impact on the home front in India. The British government imposed heavy taxes and requisitioned resources, leading to economic hardships and food shortages. Additionally, the war heightened political consciousness among Indians, and demands for self-rule and independence intensified.
India’s involvement in World War 1 became a turning point in the Indian nationalist movement. The war’s promise of democracy and self-determination for all nations highlighted the hypocrisy of British colonial rule. This led to the emergence of more assertive demands for independence and galvanized leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, who initiated nonviolent movements to demand self-rule.
The aftermath of World War 1 had a lasting impact on India’s political landscape. The disillusionment with British promises of self-determination fueled the demand for complete independence, leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement in the subsequent years.
Satyagraha
As per the NCERT 10th class history book, Satyagraha is derived from the words “Satya” (truth) and “Agraha” (holding on to truth). Mahatma Gandhi launched three regional Satyagrahas, as follows:
1. Champaran: In 1916, Gandhi initiated the first Satyagraha in Champaran, Bihar, encouraging people to protest against the oppressive teenkathiya system (plantation system).
2. Kheda: In 1917, Gandhi organized a Satyagraha in the Kheda district of Gujarat, supporting poor peasants demanding relief from high revenue collection.
3. Ahmedabad: In 1918, a Satyagraha was organized for cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.
Gandhi Ji based these movements on two principles: truth and non-violence. He believed that pure intentions could render force unnecessary in Satyagraha. Being a practitioner of non-violence, he emphasized that truth and non-violence (Dharma) were potent tools to win any battle. Throughout India’s nationalist struggle, Gandhi upheld this Dharma, as detailed in the 10th class history books.
Rowlatt Act of 1919
Following the regional Satyagrahas, Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide movement. However, in response, the Imperial legislative council passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919, granting the British significant power to suppress political activities and detain political prisoners without trial for two years.
In retaliation, Gandhi initiated a hartal (strike) on 6th April, marking the beginning of India’s workers’ national movement. This led to widespread disruptions, with closed shops, disrupted railways, and telegraph lines. In certain areas, martial law was imposed, and local leaders were arrested, while Gandhi himself was barred from entering Delhi.
On 13th April, during the Baisakhi festival in Amritsar, unaware of martial law, a gathering of people witnessed a tragic incident. General Dyer opened fire upon them, resulting in a large number of casualties to instill fear and awe. This dark episode is etched in the history of India’s nationalist movement.
As mentioned in the chapter “Nationalism in India Class 10,” Gandhi staunchly upheld non-violence. In response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he immediately called off the hartal, adhering to his principles of peaceful resistance.
Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes
Non Cooperation and Khilafat
According to the Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes, The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. It was a nationwide campaign aimed at resisting British rule through nonviolent means.
The movement called for Indians to boycott British institutions, schools, colleges, courts, and civil services, and to withdraw support from the British government. People were urged to adopt swadeshi (buying Indian-made goods) and spin their own cloth using the charkha (spinning wheel) to promote self-reliance.
The Non-Cooperation Movement saw widespread participation from people across different sections of society. It marked a turning point in India’s freedom struggle and brought millions of Indians together in a collective effort for independence.
However, the movement was called off in 1922 after a violent incident at Chauri Chaura, where protestors clashed with police, leading to casualties. Mahatma Gandhi believed that nonviolence was the essence of the movement, and he called it off to avoid further escalation of violence.
Non-Cooperation Movement in Stages
The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, unfolded in several stages, each marked by distinct activities and events. Here are the key stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement:
1. Launch and Mass Participation (1920):
The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched on August 1, 1920, during the special session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Mahatma Gandhi called for nonviolent non-cooperation with the British government as a means to resist colonial rule. The movement aimed to unite people from all sections of society in a nonviolent struggle for independence.
2. Boycott of Institutions (1920-1921):
During the initial phase, Indians were urged to boycott British institutions, including schools, colleges, and law courts. Lawyers and students withdrew from these institutions, leading to a significant impact on the British administration.
3. Surrender of Titles and Resignation from Government Posts (1920-1922):
Many Indians, especially leaders and government officials, resigned from their posts and returned their titles to the British government. This act symbolized their rejection of British authority and demonstrated their commitment to the cause of independence.
4. Boycott of Foreign Goods and Promotion of Swadeshi (1920-1922):
The Non-Cooperation Movement encouraged Indians to boycott foreign goods and promote the use of swadeshi (Indian-made) products. People began spinning their own cloth using the charkha and boycotted British-manufactured textiles, leading to a surge in the use of Indian textiles.
5. Mass Demonstrations and Protests (1920-1922):
Throughout the movement, mass demonstrations, processions, and public meetings were held across India. These gatherings became platforms for expressing discontent against British rule and demanding self-governance.
6. Suspension of Civil Disobedience (1922):
In 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement took an unfortunate turn when violent clashes occurred in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh. A mob attacked a police station, resulting in the death of several police officers. Mahatma Gandhi, who always emphasized nonviolence, was deeply disappointed by the incident. In response, he suspended the movement, believing that nonviolence was essential for its success.
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a pivotal phase in India’s freedom struggle, bringing millions of people together in a nonviolent resistance against British rule. While it was suspended in 1922, its impact continued to inspire future movements, leading India closer to achieving independence in 1947.
Civil Disobedience Movement
In the Nationalism in India Class 10, a significant milestone highlighted is the Civil Disobedience Movement, characterized by the following key features:
1. Advancement from Non-Cooperation: The movement went beyond Non-Cooperation, urging people not only to abstain from cooperation but also to defy colonial laws.
2. Boycott of Foreign Cloth and Picketing of Liquor Shops: People actively boycotted foreign cloth and engaged in picketing liquor shops as acts of protest.
3. Peasants’ Refusal to Pay Revenue and Chowkidar Taxes: Peasants were encouraged to resist paying revenue and chowkidar taxes as a form of civil disobedience.
4. Refusal to Attend English Medium Schools, Colleges, Offices, and Courts: Students, village officials, and lawyers were urged not to attend English medium institutions and colonial offices and courts.
The Civil Disobedience Movement marked a bold step in the struggle for India’s independence, as people engaged in nonviolent resistance and non-cooperation with oppressive colonial laws and institutions.
Beginning of Civil Disobedience
In 1930, Gandhiji initiated the Dandi march to protest against the monopoly rights on salt manufacturing. Together with his supporters, he openly defied the salt law by making salt themselves. This marked the beginning of a civil disobedience movement, aiming to mobilize people from all backgrounds and classes to unite against the oppressive rule of the British Government. The Dandi march became a significant event among other national movements in India.
However, in the present, we observe threats to our society’s framework from negative elements seeking to divide our nation along lines of caste, creed, religion, and class. As responsible citizens, it becomes our duty to safeguard the hard-fought freedom and unity of our nation.
Participants in the Civil Disobedience Movement
The civil disobedience movement witnessed the active involvement of various social groups expressing their discontent with colonial policies. Rich peasant communities joined to combat high revenue policies, while the Indian business classes reacted against restrictive colonial regulations on their businesses. However, the poor peasant and industrial working classes did not participate in significant numbers. One notable aspect of the movement was the remarkable participation of women in picketing and protests, highlighting their crucial role in the struggle for independence.
Limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement
The impact of the civil disobedience movement was relatively limited. Dalits showed minimal participation in the movement, as they focused on seeking political empowerment through increased representation and demanded separate electorates. B.R. Ambedkar led this movement, culminating in the Poona Pact of 1932, despite opposition from Gandhi.
Muslim communities also felt somewhat disconnected from the movement, particularly after the Khilafat movement lost its significance. The apprehension of potential Hindu dominance played a significant role in the minority Muslim communities’ reluctance to respond actively to the movement.
Salt March
The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, was a significant event during India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. It was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 to oppose the British-imposed salt tax, which heavily burdened the Indian population and symbolized British economic exploitation.
The Salt March began on March 12, 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi, along with 78 volunteers, embarked on a 240-mile journey from his ashram in Sabarmati, Gujarat, to the coastal town of Dandi. The march lasted for 24 days, covering about 10 miles per day. Thousands of people joined Gandhi along the way, making it a powerful mass movement.
During the march, the participants followed strict principles of nonviolence and civil disobedience. They picked up salt along the seashore, openly defying the British salt laws, which granted the British a monopoly on salt production and taxed the production and sale of salt.
The Salt March garnered widespread attention and support from Indians across the country. It inspired people to boycott British salt and produce their own salt, marking a symbol of defiance against British authority and economic exploitation. This act of civil disobedience demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance and the unity of the Indian masses in their quest for independence.
The Salt March, along with other civil disobedience movements, put immense pressure on the British government and led to negotiations with Mahatma Gandhi. Ultimately, it played a crucial role in shaping India’s freedom struggle and strengthening the nationalist movement. The Salt March remains a remarkable example of the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance and Gandhi’s leadership in India’s journey towards independence.
Gandhi Irwin Pact
To address the escalating tensions and widespread unrest, Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin engaged in negotiations. The talks culminated in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which had the following key provisions:
- Suspension of Civil Disobedience: Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement, calling off the mass protests and non-cooperation activities.
- Participation in Round Table Conference: As part of the pact, the British government agreed to invite Indian representatives to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London. The conference aimed to discuss constitutional reforms and the future of India’s political structure.
- Release of Political Prisoners: In return for suspending the movement, the British government agreed to release political prisoners who were arrested during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact marked a temporary truce between the Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi, and the British government. It provided an opportunity for negotiations and discussions on India’s future political setup. However, the Round Table Conferences did not lead to substantial outcomes, as there were disagreements between the Indian leaders and the British authorities.
Despite the temporary setback in achieving complete independence, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact played a crucial role in providing a platform for discussions and raising international awareness about India’s struggle for freedom. It highlighted Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence and peaceful negotiations in the pursuit of India’s independence. The pact also paved the way for future negotiations and agreements that ultimately led to India’s independence in 1947.
Development of a Sense of Collective Belonging
The development of a sense of collective belonging played a crucial role in the growth of nationalism. Various cultural processes, including the use of symbols, folklore, and Indian history, contributed to spreading ideas of nationalism. However, some aspects, such as the glorification of a Hindu past, alienated people from other communities.
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Frequently Asked Questions – FAQ
Q 1. What is nationalism in India explain in detail?
Nationalism in India evolved as a powerful force during the struggle for independence against British colonial rule. Factors such as historical context, socio-religious reforms, education, print media, and visionary leaders contributed to its development.
The Indian National Congress advocated for representation, while the Swadeshi Movement promoted Indian goods. Mahatma Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements. Post-independence, challenges included national consolidation and development.
India’s nationalism upholds principles of unity in diversity, promoting social and economic progress. Rooted in peace, tolerance, and global cooperation, Indian nationalism reflects a collective journey toward freedom, dignity, and a pluralistic future.
Q 2. What was the reason for nationalism in India?
Nationalism in India emerged as a response to British colonial rule, fueled by oppressive policies and economic exploitation. India’s rich cultural heritage and historical unity fostered a sense of common identity and pride.
Socio-religious reform movements, access to education, and print media further strengthened nationalist sentiments. Political organizations like the Indian National Congress provided platforms for demanding self-rule.
Influenced by global nationalist movements, India’s visionary leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose, united people in their pursuit of independence, ultimately leading to India’s liberation in 1947.
Q 3. What is the main cause of nationalism?
Nationalism stems from a shared identity and pride within a distinct community or nation. Causes include historical unity, cultural revival, oppression, and common struggles.
External domination or colonization can trigger a desire for sovereignty. Efforts to preserve cultural traditions strengthen national identity. Political representation demands and economic disparities may drive nationalist movements.
Modern media spread nationalist ideas. Defined geographical boundaries contribute to territorial identity. Visionary leaders play a key role in inspiring nationalist goals. Nationalism arises from historical, cultural, socio-economic, and political factors that strengthen a sense of shared identity and aspiration for a unified nation.