The purpose of the “Class 10th History Chapter 1 Solutions: Rise of Nationalism in Europe” is to support students in achieving success in their CBSE exams. Nationalism, an ideology and movement focused on advancing a specific nation’s interests, particularly in gaining and preserving sovereignty over its homeland, is explored in this chapter. Prior to the emergence of nationalism in Europe, distinct nations as we understand them today did not exist, and the notion of a nation-state emerged as a contemporary outcome of the European nationalism movement.

Contained within this article are comprehensive solutions for the questions found in the History textbook’s Chapter 1. These solutions, tailored for Class 10 students, are designed to enhance their ability to effectively respond to each question.

These NCERT Solutions are not only beneficial for school examinations but are also derived from the trusted source of NCERT textbooks. Ensuring both ease and accuracy, these solutions familiarize students with the question patterns encountered in CBSE examinations.

Class 10th History Chapter 1 Solutions for NCERT Students

Class 10th History Chapter 1 Solutions for NCERT Students

Exercise Page No. 28

1. Write a note on:

a. Guiseppe Mazzini

Answer:

In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini endeavored to formulate a comprehensive plan for establishing a unified Italian Republic. Concurrently, he established a clandestine organization known as ‘Young Italy’ to propagate his objectives.

b. Count Camillo de Cavour

Answer:

1. Guided the endeavor to consolidate Italy
2. He did not align with revolutionaries or democrats.
3. By orchestrating a skillful diplomatic coalition, Cavour enabled Sardini-Piedmont to overcome Austrian forces in 1859.

c. The Greek war of independence

Answer:

Since the fifteenth century, Greece had been a constituent of the Ottoman Empire. The emergence of revolutionary nationalism across Europe ignited a quest for autonomy among the Greek populace, commencing in 1821.

Poets and artists extolled Greece as the birthplace of European civilization, galvanizing public sentiment to bolster its resistance against a Muslim empire. Greek nationalists received backing from compatriots in exile as well as numerous Western Europeans who held an affinity for ancient Greek culture.

Ultimately, the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832 officially acknowledged Greece as a sovereign nation.

d. Frankfurt parliament

Answer:

Comprising middle-class professionals, businessmen, and affluent artisans from diverse German regions, an all-German National Assembly was established. This assembly was convened on May 18, 1848, but due to waning support, it was dissolved by May 31, 1849.

e. The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer:

Women from the liberal middle classes merged their calls for constitutionalism with the aspiration for national unity. Seizing the momentum of increasing popular turmoil, they pressed for the establishment of a nation-state grounded in parliamentary principles. Their demands encompassed a constitution, unfettered press, and the right to association.

These women established their own political groups, initiated newspapers, and actively participated in political gatherings and protests.

2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Answer:

The concepts of ‘La Patrie’ (the homeland) and ‘Le Citoyen’ (the citizen) underscored the idea of a cohesive society enjoying equal rights within a constitutional framework.

Replacing the former royal emblem, a new French flag, the tricolor, was selected.

Original anthems were composed, pledges taken, and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.

An integrated administrative structure was established, and uniform laws were devised for all citizens across the territory.

Internal tariffs and levies were eliminated, and a standardized system of weights and measures was adopted.

Regional dialects were discouraged, and the language spoken and written in Paris, French, became the prevailing national language.

Revolutionaries additionally proclaimed that it was the duty and destiny of the French nation to liberate Europe’s populations from autocracy; in essence, aiding other European peoples in their journey toward nationhood.

3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Answer:

Artists of the nineteenth century introduced female allegorical figures as symbolic representations of the nation.

Marianne, a widely recognized Christian name, epitomized the concept of a collective nation. Her attributes drew inspiration from Liberty and the Republic, evident in the presence of the red cap, the tricolor, and the cockade. Marianne statues adorned public plazas, serving as constant reminders of the national emblem, fostering public unity and encouraging identification.

The likeness of Marianne adorned coins and stamps, solidifying her presence in the visual narrative.

Germania emerged as the allegorical embodiment of the German nation. In visual depictions, Germania proudly wears a wreath crafted from oak leaves, symbolizing heroism attributed to the German oak tree.

4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Answer:

Conservatives frequently harnessed nationalist sentiments to bolster state authority and achieve political dominance across Europe. This phenomenon is evident in the processes that led to the establishment of Germany and Italy as unified nation-states.

Efforts by middle-class Germans to unify the various regions within the German Confederation were thwarted by the actions of influential landowners known as Prussian Junkers. Notably, three conflicts spanning seven years against Austria, Denmark, and France culminated in Prussian triumph. Consequently, in January 1871, King William I of Prussia assumed the title of German Emperor.

Significant emphasis was placed on modernizing Germany’s currency, banking, legal, and judicial systems, marking key aspects of the nation’s development.

5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Answer:

The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of 1804, dismantled privileges based on birth, introduced legal equality, and safeguarded property rights. This code was extended to areas under French control, including regions like the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany. Napoleon streamlined administrative divisions, eliminated the feudal system, and emancipated peasants from serfdom and manorial obligations. Similar freedoms were extended to urban areas where guild restrictions were lifted. Furthermore, advancements were made in transportation and communication networks.

The Napoleonic reforms granted newfound freedoms to peasants, artisans, workers, and emerging entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs and small-scale producers, in particular, recognized the benefits of uniform laws, standardized measurements, and a unified national currency, which facilitated the seamless movement and exchange of goods and capital across different regions.

Class 10th History Chapter 1 Solutions

1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Answer:

In 1848, a parallel revolution unfolded alongside the uprisings of the impoverished. Spearheaded by the educated middle classes, a liberal revolution emerged that encompassed not only the unemployed and destitute peasants but also workers across various European nations. The pivotal events of February 1848 in France led to the monarch’s abdication and the establishment of a republic based on universal male suffrage.

In regions without established independent nation-states—such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire—individuals from the liberal middle classes joined forces to fuse calls for constitutionalism with aspirations for national unity. Harnessing the momentum of growing public unrest, they pressed for the establishment of a nation-state founded on parliamentary principles, including a constitution, freedom of the press, and freedom of association.

Although the topic of extending political rights to women sparked controversy within the liberal movement, which had actively engaged significant numbers of women over the years, women themselves had already formed their own political associations, initiated newspapers, and actively participated in political gatherings and demonstrations.

2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Answer:

Language played a pivotal role in this context. Following the Russian occupation, Polish was forcibly excluded from schools, while the Russian language was enforced across the board. In response, the Polish Clergy harnessed language as a tool of national resistance. Polish became the language of choice for religious gatherings and instructional purposes, its usage symbolizing the fight against Russian dominance.

The movement of Romanticism was equally significant. This cultural wave aimed to cultivate a unique form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets diverged from the glorification of reason and science, instead focusing on emotions, intuition, and mystical experiences. They endeavored to depict a shared cultural history as the foundation of the nation.

Folk poetry, traditional dances, and folk songs all contributed to the dissemination of the nation’s authentic essence. Thus, the collection and documentation of these expressions of folk culture formed an integral aspect of the nation-building endeavor.

3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.

Answer:

Highlighted Countries: Germany and Italy.

Germany:

Conservatives frequently harnessed nationalist sentiments to advance state authority and achieve political supremacy across Europe. This phenomenon is evident in the process that led to the unification of Germany and Italy as nation-states.

Attempts by middle-class Germans to unify the diverse regions within the German Confederation were hindered by the actions of prominent landowners known as the ‘Junkers of Prussia’. A sequence of three wars spanning seven years against Austria, Denmark, and France culminated in a Prussian triumph. In January 1871, Prussian King William I was declared the German emperor.

Significant focus was placed on modernizing Germany’s currency, banking, legal, and judicial systems.

Italy:

In the 1830s, Mazzini aspired to unite Italy and had established a covert society named ‘Young Italy’, which ultimately faced setbacks. Consequently, the responsibility of unifying the Italian states through military means fell upon Sardinia-Piedmont under the rule of King Victor Emmanuel II.

Austrian forces were vanquished in 1859, and alongside Sardinia-Piedmont, a considerable number of volunteers rallied under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their march to South Italy in 1860 led to the defeat of Spanish rulers. By 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was officially proclaimed as the King of Italy.

4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Answer:

The emergence of the nation-state wasn’t a sudden upheaval or a revolutionary event; rather, it evolved through a protracted process.

The primary affiliations of the inhabitants of the British Isles were rooted in ethnic identities such as English, Welsh, Scottish, or Irish.

The Act of Union between England and Scotland led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Scottish individuals were prohibited from using their Gaelic language and donning their national attire, resulting in many being displaced from their homeland.

Ireland was forcefully integrated into the UK in 1801, accomplished through English support for the ascendance of Protestants over Catholics in Ireland.

The symbols of the newly formed Britain—the Union Jack, the national anthem “God Save Our Noble King,” and the English language—were actively promoted, causing the original nations to exist primarily as subservient partners within this union.

5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Answer:

This was a region characterized by geographical and ethnic diversity, encompassing present-day countries like Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro. The populace of this area was generally referred to as Slavs.

A significant portion of this region was governed by the Ottoman Empire, but over time, declarations of independence emerged.

The proliferation of romantic nationalist ideologies in the Balkans, coupled with the fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire, rendered this area extremely volatile.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Summary

The first chapter of the NCERT Social Science History textbook titled “India and the Contemporary World-II” is designated as “The Emergence of Nationalism in Europe.” The inception of European nationalism is commonly associated with the events of the Spring of Nations in 1848. Throughout the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a potent force that brought profound alterations to Europe’s political and psychological landscape, ultimately leading to the establishment of nation-states, replacing the multi-national dynastic empires of the continent.

Within this chapter, students will explore the following subjects:

1. The French Revolution and the Concept of the Nation
2. The Evolution of Nationalism in Europe
3. The Aristocracy and the Emerging Middle Class
4. Tenets of Liberal Nationalism
5. The Advent of New Conservatism after 1815
6. The Figures of Revolution
7. The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
8. Romantic Imagination and the Sentiment of Nationhood
9. Struggles, Hardship, and Popular Uprising
10. 1848: The Liberal Revolution
11. The Formation of Germany and Italy
12. Germany – Can the Military Forge a Nation?
13. The Unification of Italy
14. Britain’s Unusual Case
15. Visualizing the Nation
16. Nationalism and its Interaction with Imperialism

For other chapter’s solutions visit

• History 10th Class Chapter-Wise Solutions for NCERT Students
• Class 10 History Chapter 2 Questions and Answers With Solutions

Frequently Asked Questions on Class 10th History Chapter 1 Solutions

Q1: What is the main focus of Class 10th History Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in Europe?

The main focus of this chapter is to explore the rise of nationalism in Europe during the nineteenth century, its impact on the political and social landscape, and how it led to the emergence of nation-states.

Q2: What is the significance of the Spring of Nations in relation to nationalism in Europe?

The Spring of Nations in 1848 marked the beginning of widespread nationalist uprisings and revolutions across Europe. It played a pivotal role in catalyzing the growth of nationalist sentiments and movements.

Q3: How did nationalism lead to the formation of nation-states in Europe?

Nationalism fostered a sense of shared identity and belonging among people who identified with a common language, culture, and history. This eventually led to the disintegration of multi-national empires and the emergence of nation-states based on these shared factors.

Q4: What topics are covered in this chapter’s solutions?

The solutions cover various aspects, including the French Revolution’s influence on the idea of the nation, the development of nationalism in Europe, the role of different social classes, liberal nationalism, conservatism, revolutions, cultural aspects of nationalism, struggles, the unification of Germany and Italy, and the relationship between nationalism and imperialism.

Q5: How did the Romantic Imagination contribute to national feeling?

The Romantic Imagination emphasized emotions, intuition, and cultural heritage. It helped in fostering a sense of pride in one’s history and traditions, thus contributing to the development of national sentiment.